Causative Analysis of Domestic Violence against Women in Punjab, Pakistan

Domestic violence against women is a significant issue globally, particularly in developing regions of Africa, Latin America, and South Asia. Many movements have been initiated to preserve human rights, advocating for women in developing countries like Pakistan. Despite addressing this issue, the desired outcomes have not been achieved. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the causative patterns of Domestic Violence against Women (DVAW) in Punjab, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the divisional districts of Punjab, Pakistan, using snowball sampling. Data were collected using an interview schedule among 216 married and divorced/separated victims of DVAW. Cross tabulation and logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze data. Results showed that economic exploitation was a significant cause of domestic violence (56%), leading to separation/divorce (27.8%). Women often experienced threats of divorce (50%), killing (44%), and kicking out (50%). Younger women, particularly those aged less than 20 years, 21–25, and 26–30, were more vulnerable to domestic violence. Education was a protective factor, with illiterate women experiencing a higher probability of domestic violence (OR = 14.693, p = 0.001) compared to highly educated women. Extended family patterns and unemployment were associated with an increased probability of domestic violence. The present study also concluded that immediate and multidimensional actions are needed to address this issue.