El diferencial comportamiento de la pobreza en el municipio de Jerez de la Frontera durante el periodo 2008-2014

Resumen:El trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar la situación de pobreza de Jerez de la Frontera durante la crisis iniciada en 2007. Para ello, se clasifica la pobreza siguiendo a Cantó, et al. (2012), mediante metodología basada en el análisis de la base de datos de demandantes de ayudas sociales del Área de Bienestar del Ayuntamiento de Jerez y encuestas aplicadas a la población objeto de estudio. Los resultados evidencian la existencia de tres tipos de pobreza en el territorio, la reincidencia en la misma y la escasez de medidas público-privadas para atender la creciente demanda asistencial en el municipio estudiado.Abstract:The municipality of Jerez de la Frontera has been plagued by a change in the socio-economic scenario as a consequence of the global economic crisis that began in late 2007, where the levels of poverty and well-being of its population as a whole have been affected. This change in scenario has not only occurred in that municipality, but has also affected the EU countries and Spanish territory, although its consequences have not been homogeneous for the different regions that comprise it. Thus, Andalusia is one of the areas that has been most affected at the level of unemployment, during the period 2008-2014. In addition to this fact, other consequences in this autonomous community should be highlighted, such as the destruction of the business fabric, the fall in consumption and demand, the decrease in income, the increase in evictions, the increase in requests for reception services and attendance, or change of social strata, among other factors. Within this autonomous community, the province of Cádiz stands out for experiencing a stronger impact of the crisis situation, which manifests itself in one of the main macroeconomic indicators such as unemployment, since this province exceeded average unemployment figures national. Within this province the municipality of Jerez de la Frontera is located, being this the most extensive and populated at the provincial level. It is worth noting the notable increase in unemployment figures in the 2008-2014 period. This increase in unemployment levels implies an increase in economic difficulties and, consequently, in poverty, in the municipality of Jerez, due to the crisis situation. This fact is manifested by the increase in the number of requests for reception and assistance services in response to the needs derived from the crisis. To this increase in the number of requests must be added the increase in terms of spending on direct economic provisions, which are those intended for items such as food, housing, footwear, clothing, transportation, and education, among others. According to the interview with the person in charge of Cáritas in Jerez de la Frontera. To this significant increase in the number of requests attended by Cáritas, as well as in the financial allocations in direct aid, must be added the increase in the number of primary care files received by the Social Services of Jerez de la Frontera, in recent years (Social Welfare Area, Jerez de la Frontera City Council). They include the number of families that, for the first time, go to the Social Services to request financial benefits. They are, therefore, families that have had their financial situation altered as a consequence of the crisis due to the loss of employment and the subsequent lack of economic resources, which prevents them from meeting their most basic needs, thus altering their level of social well-being. The confluence of these indicators in the municipality of Jerez de la Frontera since the beginning of the crisis, together with the historical difficulties of the province in general and the municipality, in particular, in job creation, not only affects family units that their purchasing power is diminished, being able to speak of different levels of poverty, but this in turn leads to a loss or deterioration of social welfare and, consequently, constitutes a brake on the economic growth of the territory. Therefore, it is considered essential for the development of the municipality a first approach to the situation of poverty in which its population is, the effect of the crisis on it and, in any case, possible actions to take to promote development territorial via improvements in poverty indicators and their characteristics. The main objective of this research is to show the new socio-economic reality of the territory of Jerez, analyzing the existing poverty in the municipality, which was affected by the crisis, during the period 2008-2014, establishing a classification according to traditional literature and assessing whether the actions Public-private activities carried out by the social services of Jerez are sufficient to meet the volume of the growing demand for care. To do this, poverty is classified following Cantó, et al. (2012), in chronic poor, recurrent and non-recurring transients. A qualitative methodology is used where the types of designs have been the exploratory, descriptive and explanatory, based on primary sources of information where telephone surveys are conducted following Agudelo, Ruiz y Aigneren (2010). The population subject to this study is composed of 27.982 applicants/applicants who have benefited from some form of social aid from the first care program during the period 2008-2014, within the Social Welfare Area of the City of Jerez de la Frontera. Layered sampling techniques are used for the sample where the stratification criterion is the type of financial aid offered by social services in the social welfare area. A simple random sampling is applied to this simple random sampling without replacement. This is carried out using a questionnaire following Pérez (2009), Ortíz and Izquierdo (2009), Albert and Davia (2011), and Tezanos and Sotomayor (2013), which will allow to know the profile of the sample studied. The main results show the recidivism in poverty in the territory of Jerez, as well as the characteristics of each typology. Among the latter it is worth noting that the three groups have similar profiles, differing only in the years of working life. On the other hand, this study warns of the possible social involution that is emerging as a result of the crisis. The conclusions reflect that 4,8% of the population studied suffers from chronic poverty, 47,6% recurrent transitory poverty, and non-recurrent transitory poverty is manifested to the same extet, 47,6% as the recurrent. Also reflects the recurrence of poverty during the period 2013-2014. In addition to all this it is important to note that the insufficiency of public-private initiatives slows the exit of this situation. It is also important to highlight how new areas of poverty arise in the studied municipality, such as the downtown area, the Granja, the Delicias, the centro, and the Serrana, which were not considered poor neighborhoods before the economic crisis, as it appears from the correspondence analysis carried out in this research.