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Quel avenir pour la zone franc ?

Author

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  • Bruno Coquet
  • Jean-Marc Daniel

Abstract

[eng] The end of the French Franc due to the EMU is an opportunity for examining the future of the Franc Zone. This paper addresses three issues : . It describes first the working of the institutions of the Zone, and the resulting advantages for members. Despite the stability of their currency, called the CFA Franc, the African members of the Franc Zone did not avoid a hard economic crisis^ due to both falling prices in raw materials (mainly cocoa and coffee) and an increasing foreign debt. Nevertheless, we argue that they are not worse off than the other African countries. . The problem of the parity of the CFA Franc is looked at in a second part. According to the political and economic situation of the members of the Zone, to maintain the value of their currency at it present level of 1 CFAF for 0,02 FF seems to be in their interest. The example of Ghana, the currency of which has been strongly devalued, shows that such an exchange rate policy, if good for Ghana, would be inefficient for the members of the Franc Zone. . In the third part, some proposals are made to improve the working of the Zone, in order to grant it a future in a world where EEC would be substituted to France as Africa's main trade partner. [fre] Les accords de Maastricht prévoient la disparition des monnaies nationales européennes, et leur remplacement par Г Ecu, pour l'année 1999 au plus tard. Toutefois, le ministre français de l'économie et des finances a annoncé que la disparition du franc ne se traduira pas par une remise en cause de la zone franc. Celle-ci conservera ses mécanismes de fonctionnement actuels ; la seule modification concernera la référence des monnaies qui y circulent : la monnaie-étalon cessera d'être le franc défunt, pour être remplacée par Г Ecu. . Le cadre institutionnel de la zone permet effectivement de changer la définition des francs CFA et CFP sans toucher en profondeur à son fonctionnement. Cependant, la zone franc demeure une structure directement issue d'une époque où l'essentiel de l'activité économique de la France et de ses colonies se réalisait en son sein ; on peut donc se demander si la zone franc est toujours adaptée au contexte économique contemporain. Aujourd'hui, en effet, la France s'intègre de manière croissante à l'Europe, et les pays africains de la zone cherchent de plus en plus à renforcer les liens économiques qui les unissent à leurs voisins, au point d'avoir signé lors du dernier sommet de l'OUA un manifeste prévoyant la mise en place d'ici à 2025 (!) d'une communauté économique africaine dotée d'une monnaie unique. . Les économies africaines sont aujourd'hui dans une situation qui nécessite des réformes capables de remédier aux difficultés qui se sont accumulées depuis plusieurs décennies. Afin d'évaluer l'avenir de la zone franc nous ferons un bilan de son fonctionnement depuis sa créstion. Nous essaierons ensuite d'apprécier l'opportunité d'une modification des parités au sein de la zone, alors que le nombre des partisans d'une dévaluation s'accroît au fur et à mesure que les difficultés s'accumulent dans les pays africains. Enfin, l'éventuelle mise en application des accords de Maastricht nous conduit à tenter d'évaluer les réformes nécessaires à la survie de la zone, et les modifications institutionnelles, économiques et politiques qui pourraient intervenir en vue d'élargir le champ d'application de la politique de développement que véhicule le mécanisme de change de la zone franc.

Suggested Citation

  • Bruno Coquet & Jean-Marc Daniel, 1992. "Quel avenir pour la zone franc ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 41(1), pages 241-291.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1992_num_41_1_1284
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1992.1284
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1992.1284
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    1. Devarajan, Shantayanan & Rodrik, Dani, 1991. "Do the benefits of fixed exchange rates outweigh their costs? The Franc Zone in Africa," Policy Research Working Paper Series 777, The World Bank.
    2. Rattan J. Bhatia, 1985. "The West African Monetary Union An Analytical Review," IMF Occasional Papers 1985/003, International Monetary Fund.
    3. Michel Lelart, 1986. "Zone monétaire et convertibilité - l'expérience africaine," Post-Print halshs-00289441, HAL.
    4. Jean-Paul Azam & Cécile Daubrée, 1991. "La détermination des taux de change parallèles en Afrique : modèle macro-économique et test économétrique (Nigeria, Zaïre, Ghana)," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 97(1), pages 105-115.
    5. Patrick Guillaumont & Sylviane Guillaumont, 1989. "Monnaie européenne et monnaies africaines," Revue Française d'Économie, Programme National Persée, vol. 4(1), pages 97-116.
    6. Franco, G. Robert, 1981. "The optimal producer price of cocoa in Ghana," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 8(1), pages 77-92, February.
    7. Mr. Saleh M. Nsouli & Mr. John B. McLenaghan & Mr. Klaus-Walter Riechel, 1982. "Currency Convertibility in the Economic Community of West African States," IMF Occasional Papers 1982/006, International Monetary Fund.
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    Cited by:

    1. NANA DAVIES, Charles, 2018. "Sources of Macroeconomic Fluctuations in a Franc Zone Country: A Bayesian estimation," MPRA Paper 99998, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Akiko Suwa-Eisenmann & François Bourguignon & Jaime de Melo, 1995. "Dévaluation et compétitivité en Côte-d'Ivoire," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 46(3), pages 739-749.
    3. Roland Colin & Bruno Coquet & Jean-Marc Daniel & Emmanuel Fourmann, 1993. "L'Europe et l'Afrique, d'un Berlin à l'autre : 1885-1989," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 43(1), pages 455-488.
    4. NANA DAVIES, Charles, 2020. "Land Collateral and Rule-of-Thumb Households in a Franc Zone Country: A Bayesian Appraisal," MPRA Paper 100000, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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