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Le SME : performances et perspectives

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  • Daniel Gros
  • Niels Thygesen

Abstract

[fre] Cette étude propose, dans une première partie, une analyse du fonctionnement passé du Système européen (SME), mettant l'accent sur les contributions du système à l'objectif — prioritaire en Europe ces dernières années — de stabilité monétaire. La position de la RFA et la nature asymétrique du SME en ont été les ingrédients essentiels. Les contrôles de mouvements de capitaux destinés, au contraire, à sauvegarder une certaine autonomie monétaire des pays à monnaie réputée faible, n'ont peut- être pas été aussi efficaces qu'on le croit. Dans le passé des périodes turbulantes et des périodes « tranquilles » ont alterné. Les autorités monétaires disposent, pour tempérer l'instabilité des taux des changes, de trois instruments : les interventions sur les marchés pour soutenir les devises attaquées, le maniement des taux d'intérêt et, en dernier recours, les changements de parité. La détermination de défendre la parité fait apparaître la notion de crédibilité attachée au SME. Le fonctionnement du système paraît caractérisé par un biais déflationniste, à travers le maintien de taux d'intérêt réels élevés, qui pèsent sur les politiques budgétaires des Etats participants. Une seconde partie s'attache aux perspectives qui se profilent à l'horizon de 1992. Bien que le SME se soit révélé plus robuste que prévu, le dernier réalignement de janvier 1987 souligne l'insuffisance de sa gestion en cas de poursuite de la chute du dollar et d'une ouverture de tous les marchés des capitaux, deux facteurs qui favorisent les substitutions de devises. A terme ce phénomène de substitution pourrait remettre en cause la maîtrise des agrégats monétaires et l'efficacité de la politique monétaire. Ne devrait-on pas alors favoriser le développement de Г Ecu comme monnaie refuge ? Il ne peut s'agir d'un problème immédiat, car il faudra d'abord résoudre le problème de la participation de la livre sterling et de la peseta à l'accord de change du SME. Pour l'avenir la question est de savoir si un régime de changes fixes est compatible avec les évolutions qui se dessinent : un moindre recours à des politiques de lutte contre l'inflation, voire leur abandon ; un besoin persistant de modification des prix relatifs ; des disparités entre les dettes publiques, financées dans certains pays membres par une création monétaire plus rapide. Le système monétaire européen a relativement bien fonctionné jusqu'à présent, et cela malgré les violentes perturbations qui l'ont secoué et ont mis à rude épreuve sa souplesse de gestion. Désormais les contraintes qui pèsent sur son fonctionnement se sont modifiées et le système doit faire face à de nouveaux défis, tant sur le plan intérieur qu'extérieur. L'enjeu est primordial pour l'avenir des relations économiques, non seulement européennes, mais aussi internationales. [eng] The EMS : Achievements and Perspectives Daniel Gros, Niels Thygesen In the first part of this paper, we examine the past functioning of the EMS. We raise a number of issues concerning the contribution of the system to monetary stability, a major objective of European policies till now. We then draw a number of precise conclusions on the German position vis-à-vis the EMS and on the nature of asymétries arising in a hierarchical system. Capital controls are viewed as a necessary instrument in order to insulate domestic variables and retain some degree of monetary autonomy. However, they probably have not been particularly effective in lessening the tensions between domestic and foreign factors. The rules of management of the EMS have allowed for exchange- rate realignments in order to prevent persistent distorsions. « Turbulent » and « tranquil » episodes alternate. Monetary authorities must react to exchange rate instability with three instruments : exchange-market interventions, in order to support currencies under attack ; interest rate changes ; and, in the last resort, parity changes. We then adopt a broader perspective, no longer confined to monetary elements. In the context of fiscal policy, it is argued that the EMS has resulted in too high real interest rates and has an intrinsic deflationary bias, which burdens national fiscal policies and undermines the coordination that is required in order to fight current imbalances in the real economic performances of the member states. In the second section, we analyse the prospects of the EMS at the horizon of 1992. Even though the system has so far performed better than expected, the January 1987 realignment has also pointed to weaknesses in its management, when the dollar falls and capital markets are free and integrated, both of these factors encouraging currency substitution. Ultimately, currency substitution could threaten the control of domestic monetary aggregates, and hence the effectiveness of domestic monetary policies. Should not the development of the Ecu be favoured, as a parallel currency ? The issue does not however seem urgent, insofar as other problems — such as full participation of sterling and the peseta in the EMS exchange-rate mechanism — will have to be solved first. We are concerned mostly with the compatibility of a fixed exchange-rate system with : — a lesser priority given to anti-inflation policies, or even their abandonment ; — the need for relative price changes ; — the differences in the levels of public debt, which has, in some member states, been financed in the past through monetary creation and inflation.

Suggested Citation

  • Daniel Gros & Niels Thygesen, 1988. "Le SME : performances et perspectives," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 24(1), pages 55-80.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1988_num_24_1_1144
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1988.1144
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1988.1144
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    1. Masera, Rainer S., 1987. "European Currency: An Italian View," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 40(4), pages 317-328.
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    1. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/1828 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Marcel Fratzscher & Arnaud Mehl, 2014. "China's Dominance Hypothesis and the Emergence of a Tri‐polar Global Currency System," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 124(581), pages 1343-1370, December.
    3. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/1828 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Philippe Gudin & Antoine Magnier & Nicolas Ponty, 1991. "Taux d'intérêt : une asymétrie moins forte," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 246(1), pages 55-63.
    5. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/1826 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Catherine Mathieu & Henri Sterdyniak, 1989. "Vers une monnaie commune en Europe ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 26(1), pages 95-126.
    7. Michele Fratianni & Juergen Hagen, 1990. "German dominance in the EMS," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 1(1), pages 67-87, February.
    8. Marcus Drometer & Thomas Siemsen & Sebastian Watzka, 2013. "The Monetary Policy of the ECB: A Robin Hood Approach?," CESifo Working Paper Series 4178, CESifo.
    9. Catherine Bruno & Jacques Le Cacheux & Catherine Mathieu, 1991. "L'Union monétaire européenne : état des lieux, projets et enjeux," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 38(1), pages 93-142.
    10. Daniel Gros & Niels Thygesen, 1990. "Vers l'union monétaire européenne : pourquoi et comment ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 33(1), pages 131-153.
    11. Caporale, Guglielmo Maria & Kalyvitis, Sarantis & Pittis, Nikitas, 1996. "Interest rate convergence, capital controls, risk premia and foreign exchange market efficiency in the EMS," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 693-714.
    12. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/1826 is not listed on IDEAS

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