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Une analyse comparative des structures du chômage en Europe

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  • Dominique Gambier
  • Daniel Szpiro

Abstract

[eng] The increase in European unemployment in the 1970's is often attributed to the « crisis » in the world economy. But has the common « crisis » given rise to similar unemployment experiences in different countries ? of course, aggregate unemployment rates vary between countries, but is its structure becoming more similar? the analysis addresses this question by providing a detailed description of unemployment in the member states of the EEC between 1973 and 1979. An answer to the question has, of course, significant policy implications since the possibility of a European response to unemployment may be limited by the extent to which it is the same problem for each country. In more detail, the discussion deals first with the problems of comparability and looks then at the evolution of national unemployment rates, paying particular attention to lags between countries and to developments in the latest period (1977-1979). We examine next wether, as unemployment has increased, the demograhic characteristics of the unemployed have become more similar across countries. This is followed by a discussion of the processes by which people enter unemployment (dismissal, resignation, voluntary spell away from work, seeking a first job) and we also examine the duration of unemployment. Then, using all these criteria, we look for a typology of the structures of unemployment of the member states of the EEC. One of the conclusions of the paper is that the « crisis » doesn't seem to have led to the emergence of more similar structures of unemployment in the various countries and, in this limited sense, it is difficult therefore to speak of an international « crisis ». An important consequence is that any common European policy must take into account the differing socio- economic characteristics of each country. [fre] L'aggravation du chômage est considérée comme une conséquence majeure d'une crise dont la particularité est d'être internationale. Une question surgit naturellement : puisque la même cause est partagée par tous les pays, qu'en est-il de ses effets ? On sait bien que les évolutions moyennes ont suivi des sentiers différents, mais peut-on discerner une tendance au rapprochement des structures du chômage ? A travers une description du chômage européen sur la période 1973-1979, l'objectif de cette étude est de fournir un début de réponse à cette question importante en ce qu'elle détermine les possibilités et les limites d'une politique commune de l'emploi au niveau de la communauté. Après avoir traité succinctement des problèmes de comparabilité, l'article décrit l'évolution du chômage global, en soulignant d'une part les décalages entre pays, d'autre part les évolutions divergentes de la dernière période. Une analyse des structures démographiques du chômage est menée afin d'étudier un éventuel resserrement des caractéristiques des chômeurs de chaque pays. On s'interroge ensuite sur le processus qui conduit au chômage (licenciement, démission, recherche d'un premier emploi ou reprise d'activité) et sur sa durée. La structure du chômage peut donc être analysée selon différents critères. En les prenant tous en compte, un essai de typologie des pays est proposé. L'une des conclusions de l'article est que la crise ne semble pas avoir contribué à une convergence des structures du chômage. Ce n'est donc pas dans cette dimension que la crise est internationale. Une politique commune européenne de l'emploi devrait être suffisamment différenciée pour pouvoir tenir compte des caractéristiques socio-économiques de chaque pays.

Suggested Citation

  • Dominique Gambier & Daniel Szpiro, 1982. "Une analyse comparative des structures du chômage en Europe," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 2(1), pages 43-68.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1982_num_2_1_925
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1982.925
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1982.925
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