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Abstract
[eng] Based upon a critical review of various works about nitrate NPS pollution, we show that in the debate opposing price vs. quantity instruments to regulate pollution, it is possible to refine — and even more to go past — the measures which fail to reduce pollution, but at a significantly higher public cost, to be balanced with the expected private cost savings. First of all, we shall see that the employment of standards on inputs is not always very expensive for farmers regarding the cost associated with a tax on fertilizers, but the public costs that these standards need to support are very high and may explain, for a large part, why some European countries preferred to use this later. Nevertheless, we will see that tax on fertilizers is partly unfair in so far as the farmers continue to pay it on optimal unit of fertilizers, and so at such a point that tax rates remain too small to have any significant impact on fertilizer consumption and then nitrates pollution. Finally, according to the idea that efficiency and equity would remain inseparable for any new design or instrument — in order to increase its social and political acceptability —, we analyse some refined measures, keeping this ideal in mind. We then see that these ambitious refinements may probably be very costly in public funds. But may be it is the price to consent to definitely reduce NPS pollution. [fre] A partir d’une revue critique de divers travaux relatifs à la régulation de la pollution diffuse aux nitrates, on montre que dans le débat opposant instruments-prix et instruments-quantité — et plus largement approches économiques et réglementaires —, il est possible de raffiner, voire de dépasser, les mesures restées jusqu’ici sans effet, mais que cela se traduira par une hausse des coûts d’administration à mettre en balance avec les économies de coûts privés attendues. Nous verrons d’abord que si l’emploi de normes sur les intrants ne paraît pas toujours ou guère plus coûteux que des taxes sur l’azote pour les agents, leur coût de contrôle public est en revanche très élevé et explique sans doute, pour une large part, que divers pays européens ont préféré recourir à des taxes plutôt qu’à des normes en la matière. Nous verrons toutefois qu’en raison d’un problème de double pénalisation injuste et propre aux «taxes au 1er kilo » , les taux sont restés bien trop faibles pour avoir un effet sensible sur l’usage d’azote et réduire la pollution. Constatant alors la nécessité de trouver des instruments qui répondent au mieux à un double souci d’efficacité et d’équité supérieures — lesquelles devraient rester indissociables pour plus d’acceptabilité sociale et politique des mesures — nous procédons enfin, à l’aune de cette double exigence, à l’analyse de plusieurs raffinements ambitieux — testés ou au moins envisagés — et soulevons alors la question de leur coût d’administration public ; mais prix sans doute à payer pour une réduction enfin significative de la pollution diffuse.
Suggested Citation
Alban Verchère, 2010.
"Normes, taxes et pollution diffuse aux nitrates,"
Revue Française d'Économie, Programme National Persée, vol. 25(2), pages 93-135.
Handle:
RePEc:prs:rfreco:rfeco_0769-0479_2010_num_25_2_1806
DOI: 10.3406/rfeco.2010.1806
Note: DOI:10.3406/rfeco.2010.1806
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