IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/prs/reveco/reco_0035-2764_1981_num_32_1_408581.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Efficacité et altruisme : les sophismes de Mandeville, Smith et Pareto

Author

Listed:
  • Serge-Christophe Kolm

Abstract

[eng] Efficience and altruism :. The Mandeville, Smith and Pareto fallacies. Serge-Christophe Kolm. Why is altruism so scarce, especially in economic life, compared to egoism, whereas most great moral Systems advocate it and condemn the lutter ? Pushing aside a few invalid answers, one meets one of the most famous ones : egoism conduces to economic efficiency. In particular, fualing a market (or planning) System, it permits the relative efficiency of a complex economy with advanced division of labour. However, sufficiently altruistic individuals can always achieve the same social productivity, by imitating a market if necessary, and they can in fact achieve a higher one. But efficiency may he impaired in intermediary situations. Pareto's global model, in which altruistic (« utility » maximizing) individuals behave egoistically (« ophelimity » maximizing) on markets, is a priori illogical. It only works if altruism is low enough or high enough. The discrimination between these two cases is explained in a companion paper (« Altruisms and Efficiencies : the Rousseau Fallacy »). [fre] Pourquoi l'altruisme est-il si rare dans les faits, surtout économiques, par rapport à l'égoïsme, alors que presque toutes les grandes morales le prônent et condam­nent le second ? Ecartant les réponses insatisfaisantes, on tombe sur l'une des plus répandues : l'égoïsme entraîne l'efficacité sociale de l'économie. Moteur d'un système de marché ou de planification hiérarchique, il permettrait le fonction­nement relativement efficace d'une économie complexe à division du travail poussée. Pourtant, des individus assez altruistes peuvent toujours réaliser cette perfor­mance, et même de meilleures. L'argument est donc erroné. Par contre, l'efficacité peut en effet être entravée dans les cas intermédiaires. L'affinement conceptuel dû à Pareto, avec sa définition de l'efficacité et de l'optimalité, et sa distinction entre utilisés et ophélimités, donne une précision équivalente à l'argument : la construction de Pareto est a priori illogique, car l'altruisme qu'il attribue aux indi­vidus devrait troubler la perfection du marché, et en recherchant comment elle pourrait ne pas l'être a posteriori, on voit qu'elle requiert qu'il y ait ou assez peu, ou beaucoup, d'altruisme. L'explication du partage entre ces deux cas est l'objet d'un autre article (« Altruismes et efficacités : le sophisme de Rousseau »).

Suggested Citation

  • Serge-Christophe Kolm, 1981. "Efficacité et altruisme : les sophismes de Mandeville, Smith et Pareto," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 32(1), pages 5-31.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:reveco:reco_0035-2764_1981_num_32_1_408581
    DOI: 10.3406/reco.1981.408581
    Note: DOI:10.3406/reco.1981.408581
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.3406/reco.1981.408581
    Download Restriction: Data and metadata provided by Persée are licensed under a Creative Commons "Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0" License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

    File URL: https://www.persee.fr/doc/reco_0035-2764_1981_num_32_1_408581
    Download Restriction: Data and metadata provided by Persée are licensed under a Creative Commons "Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0" License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.3406/reco.1981.408581?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Winter, Sidney Jr., 1969. "A simple remark on the second optimality theorem of welfare economics," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 99-103, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Robert Tartarin, 1987. "Efficacité et propriété," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 38(6), pages 1129-1156.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. del Mercato, Elena L. & Nguyen, Van-Quy, 2023. "Sufficient conditions for a “simple” decentralization with consumption externalities," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    2. McConnell, K. E., 1997. "Does Altruism Undermine Existence Value?," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 22-37, January.
    3. Richard Carson & Nicholas Flores & Norman Meade, 2001. "Contingent Valuation: Controversies and Evidence," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 19(2), pages 173-210, June.
    4. Heifetz, Aviad & Minelli, Enrico & Polemarchakis, Herakles, 2023. "Affective interdependence and welfare," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 1450, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
    5. Paul Oslington, 2012. "General Equilibrium: Theory and Evidence," The Economic Record, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 88(282), pages 446-448, September.
    6. Martin Dufwenberg & Paul Heidhues & Georg Kirchsteiger & Frank Riedel & Joel Sobel, 2011. "Other-Regarding Preferences in General Equilibrium," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 78(2), pages 613-639.
    7. Benoit Decerf & Martin Linden, 2016. "Fair social orderings with other-regarding preferences," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 46(3), pages 655-694, March.
    8. Mahmud, Wahiduddin, 2017. "Is there an Economics of Social Business?," Bangladesh Development Studies, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), vol. 40(3-4), pages 159-169, Sep-Dec.
    9. W D A Bryant, 2009. "General Equilibrium:Theory and Evidence," World Scientific Books, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., number 6875, August.
    10. Jean Mercier Ythier, 2010. "Regular Distributive Efficiency and the Distributive Liberal Social Contract," Journal of Public Economic Theory, Association for Public Economic Theory, vol. 12(5), pages 943-978, October.
    11. Theodore C. Bergstrom, 2006. "Benefit-Cost in a Benevolent Society," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 96(1), pages 339-351, March.
    12. Martin Dufwenberg & Paul Heidhues & Georg Kirchsteiger & Frank Riedel & Joel Sobel, 2011. "Other-Regarding Preferences in General Equilibrium," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 78(2), pages 613-639.
    13. Elena L. Del Mercato & Van Quy Nguyen, 2021. "Sufficient conditions for a "simple" Second Welfare Theorem with other-regarding preferences," Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 21029, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne.
    14. Seghir, Abdelkrim & Salem, Sherif, 2010. "In nitely-lived agents via two-sided altruism," MPRA Paper 31379, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Hajime Hori, 2009. "Nonpaternalistic altruism and functional interdependence of social preferences," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 32(1), pages 59-77, January.
    16. Zerbe, Richard Jr. & Bauman, Yoram & Finkle, Aaron, 2006. "An aggregate measure for benefit-cost analysis," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(3), pages 449-461, June.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:prs:reveco:reco_0035-2764_1981_num_32_1_408581. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Equipe PERSEE (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.persee.fr/collection/reco .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.