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Technologie et modèle de consommation dans le Tiers-Monde

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  • Moïses Ikonicoff

Abstract

[fre] Technologie et modèle de consommation dans le tiers-monde. . L'utilisation d'une technologie « non appropriée » est habituellement considérée comme l'une des causes principales des distorsions qui s'opèrent dans le processus d'industrialisation du Tiers-Monde. Comme cette technologie est conçue en fonction de la disponibilité des facteurs et de la constellation de ressources qui existent dans les pays industrialisés, il semble logique de supposer qu'apliquée dans le contexte des pays du Tiers-Monde, elle devienne un facteur de déséquilibre. La cause des distorsions est donc imputée aux phénomènes exogènes au système. . Cette étude se propose de montrer qu'au contraire, le choix de la technologie est largement conditionné par une dynamique endogène au système. Cette analyse met en évidence que ce n'est pas la rationalité du choix technologique qui est en cause, mais la rationalité du système qui appelle ce choix. Le recours à l'approche historique permet de constater que les phénomènes de concentration des revenus et de modernisation des modes de consommation d'une couche sociale minoritaire, qui ont accompagné l'intégration des pays du Tiers-Monde au marché mondial, ont conditionné de façon décisive le processus d'industrialisation. C'est ainsi que ce processus s'oriente en fonction de la demande d'un certain type de biens-produits dans les pays industrialisés qui correspond aux expectatives de consommation des minorités locales. Comme ces biens doivent présenter une qualité comparable à ceux qui ont servi de modèle, la technologie devient une variable prédéterminée par la nature de la demande. Mieux encore, dans la mesure où la technologie importée contribue à accentuer le phénomène de concentration des revenus, elle devient la condition presque nécessaire de la préservation du système.. La concentration des revenus et le modèle de consommation qui en est la consé­quence entraînent dans les pays du Tiers-Monde :. a) une industrialisation en circuit fermé réalisée au profit d'une minorité et qui exclut de larges secteurs de la population ;. b) un déplacement progressif des centres de décision économiques vers les grandes firmes multinationales. [eng] Technology and consumption patterns in under-developed countries. . The use of an " inappropriate " technology is usually regardee as one of the main causes of discrepancies in the industrialization of under-developed countries. This technology being designed according to the avalaibility of factors and the constellation of resources existing in developed countries, it seems therefore logical to assume that such a technology becomes a cause of desequilibrium when it is applied in under-developed countries. The origin of these discrepancies in then ascribed to phenomenons which are exogenous to the System.. The present paper aims at proving that, on the contrary, the choice of a technlogy is largely dependent on dynamics which are endogenous to the System. What is important is not the rationality of the technological choice, but the rationality of the economic system which implies this choice.. An historical approach demonstrates that the industrialization process was shaped by the concentration of income and the modernization of consumption patterns of a minority social class ; both phenomenons appeared ivith the insertion of the under -developed countries in the world market. This is the reason why the industrialization process is oriented according to the demand expressed by local minorities for some types of goods produced in developed countries. As these goods should have the same quality than those which served as models, we can conctude that the technology is pre-determined by the nature of the demand. Furthermore, in so far as imported technology contributes to a reinforcement of the concentration of income, it becomes an almost necessary condition for the preservation of the system.. The concentration of mcome and the resulting consumption patterns in under-developed countries lead to :. - a system of closed industrialization which benefit to a small minority,. - a progressive shift of the decision-making centers towards big multinational firms.

Suggested Citation

  • Moïses Ikonicoff, 1973. "Technologie et modèle de consommation dans le Tiers-Monde," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 24(4), pages 619-640.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:reveco:reco_0035-2764_1973_num_24_4_408102
    DOI: 10.3406/reco.1973.408102
    Note: DOI:10.3406/reco.1973.408102
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