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La crise agricole à la fin du XIXe siècle en France. Essai d'interprétation économique et sociale

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  • Jean Lhomme

Abstract

[fre] La «crise agricole» qui se situe entre 1880 et 1900, en France, s'est traduite par un long mouvement de baisse des prix (gros, détail), situé dans le cadre d'un Kondratieff et d'un trend tous deux descendants. Et aussi par un ralentissement dans la croissance du produit agricole.. L'explication ne semble être ni monétaire, ni fiscale, ni sociale. La relation entre prix et production n'est pas non plus à retenir. Deux causes générales (retard technique, progrès des transports) ont joué, entraînant un accroissement de la concurrence étrangère et des importations massives de produits agricoles.. Les revenus agricoles ont baissé, de façon d'ailleurs très variable suivant leur origine, leur nature, le degré d'indépendance économique et commerciale des inté­ressés. Malgré tout, les structures agricoles du pays ont peu varié. Quant aux remèdes, ils ont été recherchés avant tout du côté de la protection, dont les effets, avantageux dans le court terme, l'ont été beaucoup moins dans le long terme.. Quand on s'interroge sur les effets sociaux de la crise agricole, on observe que les ruraux, vers la fin du XIXe siècle, vivaient dans l'isolement (matériel, moral) et dans un état de subordination que laissait subsister leur affranchissement poli­tique. La crise agricole a entraîné quelques réactions, dans l'ensemble modérées. Elle a donné aux agriculteurs la conscience de leurs intérêts communs et de leur force électorale. Mais, en définitive, ce sera seulement la guerre de 1914-1918 qui haussera la condition paysanne sur l'échelle des valeurs sociales. [eng] The French « agricultural crisis » between 1880 and 1900 resulted in a downward movement of both wholesale and retail priees, as part of a downward Kondratieff and downward trend. It resulted also in a slackened growth of agricultural product.. The reason for this is apparently neither a monetary nor a fiscal nor a social one. Neither can it be accounted for by the relationship between priees and production. Two general causes, i.e. technical gap and improvement in transport, were effective in bringing about increased foreign competition and massive imports of agricultural products.. There was a decline in agricultural income whose magnitude varied according to its source and nature, and to how independant the agriculturist was eco-nomically and commercially. However, the country's agricultural structures varied little. Remedies were sought primarily in protection, whose effects, although beneficiai in the short run, were much less so in the long run. Investigating the social effects of the agricultural crisis it appears that farmers towards the end of the nineteenth century lived in both material and moral isolation and in subjection in spite of their political enfranchisement The agricultural crisis brought about number of reactions though generally moderate It made agriculturists aware of their common interests and electoral power Nevertheless the agricultural status was not raised on the scale of social values until the 1914-1918 war

Suggested Citation

  • Jean Lhomme, 1970. "La crise agricole à la fin du XIXe siècle en France. Essai d'interprétation économique et sociale," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 21(4), pages 521-553.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:reveco:reco_0035-2764_1970_num_21_4_407929
    DOI: 10.3406/reco.1970.407929
    Note: DOI:10.3406/reco.1970.407929
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    1. Philippe Bocquier & Sandra Brée, 2018. "A regional perspective on the economic determinants of urban transition in 19th-century France," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 38(50), pages 1535-1576.

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