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Commerce extérieur et développement économique : quelques enseignements de l'expérience libre-échangiste de la France au XIXe siècle

Author

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  • Paul Bairoch

Abstract

[fre] Après une synthèse de la politique douanière française de 1814 à 1914 et une présentation schématique des résultats escomptés par les théories libérales ou néo-libérales en matière de commerce extérieur, l'étude cherche à dégager l'impact réel de l'intermède libre-échangiste de la France.. De l'analyse des données actuellement disponibles, il ressort clairement que les conséquences de l'expérience libre-échangiste ont été, dans l'ensemble, à l'opposé de celles escomptées par les théories libérales ou néo-libérales. La croissance éco­nomique a été sérieusement ralentie ; non seulement le taux de croissance durant cette période a été nettement plus faible que durant les périodes d'égales durées précédant et suivant cet intermède libre-échangiste, mais il a été un des plus faibles de ceux que la France ait connus depuis la fin du XVIII siècle. Loin de favoriser l'innovation, et la formation de capital, il apparaît, au contraire, que cette période a été défavorable sous ces aspects. L'atténuation de l'écart des niveaux de développement entre la France et la Grande-Bretagne, que, théoriquement, l'intensification des échanges aurait dû favoriser, ne s'est pas produite ; au contraire, la croissance économique a été plus rapide de l'autre côté de la Manche, et l'écart entre les deux pays s'est, de ce fait, encore creusé durant cette période. De même qu'au lieu du nivellement des coûts des facteurs de la production, qui aurait dû également se produire, il y a eu une accentuation de ceux-ci, les salaires notam­ment ayant augmenté plus vite en Grande-Bretagne.. Cependant l'appui que cette expérience française pourrait apporter aux théories protectionnistes doit être nuancé, car, après analyse des causes de cette évolution négative, il apparaît que celle-ci peut être essentiellement imputée au ralentissement de la demande de la population rurale (qui représentait alors encore plus de 50 % des consommateurs) dont les revenus ont été fortement affectés par les impor­tations massives de céréales d'outre-Atlantique. [eng] After a short survey of French customs policies between 1814 and 1914, and of the results expected by the liberal and neo-liberal theories of foreign trade, this study tries to determine the real impact of the free trade period on France.. From the analysis of data actually available, it clearly appears that the resuit of free trade experience was on the whole the opposite of those expected by the liberal and neo-liberal theories. Economie growth was sharply slowed down ; not only was the rate of growth of this period distinctly smaller than those of the preceding and following periods of the same duration, but this growth rate was one of the lowest ever recorded in France after the end of the XVIII century. Far from being an incentive to innovation and to capital formation, it appears that this period has witnessed a negative evolution in those fields. The attenuation of the gap in the level of economie development between France and Great Britain, that should have theoretically resulted from the intensification of trade, did not materialize. On the contrary, since growth was more rapid on the other side of the channel, the gap widened. In the same way instead of a leveling off of production factor costs there was an accentuation, wages among others, increased more quickly in Great Britain.. However, the support that the french experience might bring to protectionist theories must be tempered since after analyzing the causes of the negative conclu­sion, it appears that it was essentially due to a slowing down of this rate of increase of the demand of the rural population (which at the time still represented more than 50% of the consumers) whose incomes had been strongly affected by large imports of cereals from America.

Suggested Citation

  • Paul Bairoch, 1970. "Commerce extérieur et développement économique : quelques enseignements de l'expérience libre-échangiste de la France au XIXe siècle," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 21(1), pages 1-33.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:reveco:reco_0035-2764_1970_num_21_1_407901
    DOI: 10.3406/reco.1970.407901
    Note: DOI:10.3406/reco.1970.407901
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