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De l'origine et du rôle de la politique foncière agricole

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  • Chantal de Crisenoy

Abstract

[eng] Despite numerous attemps to reform it, land occupation (as far as agriculture is concerned) is still submitted to old regulations, most of them having been elaborated almost two centuries ago. Such a permanence is outstanding in the circle of social phenomena. It cannot be explained by any reference to the « power » of landowners. As a matter of fact, the latters do not constitue a « social class » anymore. The reasons of this situation are rather to be found in the special type of economic relationships founded on private landownership. . These relationship have been progressively established, during te « Ancien Régime », through a seculary process, that the french revolution finaly crowned by an extensive modification of the Law. Since that time, private landowership has been playing a double role : it has been excluding and endebting. Both of these functions were crucial in the so called primitive capital accumulation, as well as in the development of french agriculture. Especially for the latter, it was a consequence of a permanent pressure exerted on peasants to augment their means of production, and to raise their labour productivity, in order to pay for increasing costs. Rules governing access to land are very logically central in this process. However, there is a paradox in land policy, because the enlargmement of the economic function of private land ownership implies at the same time bringing about restrictions to property rights. [fre] Malgré de multiples réformes, l'usage agricole du sol demeure gouverné par des règles conçues il y a près de deux siècles. Cette constante, exceptionnelle dans la sphère de la production et des échanges, ne saurait s'expliquer par le « pouvoir » des propriétaires fonciers, lesquels au demeurant ne constituent plus une classe, ni même une couche sociale tant soit peu homogène, et il faut bien plutôt en chercher les raisons dans les rapports économiques que fonde la propriété privée de la terre. . Les rapports modernes de propriété se nouent progressivement au cours de l'Ancien Régime. Evolution séculaire que la Révolution va sanctionner au travers d'un bouleversement du droit. La propriété foncière va dès lors assumer une double fonction « excluante » et « endettante » qui jouera un rôle essentiel durant le temps de l'accumulation dite primitive du capital, puis dans le développement de notre agriculture. Celui-ci s'est en effet opéré en contraignant les paysans à élargir continûment leurs moyens de production et, par là-même, à intensifier leur travail pour faire face à des charges croissantes ; le premier de ces moyens demeurant la terre, les règles qui en gouvernent l'accès et la maîtrise tiennent très logiquement une place centrale dans ce processus. Aussi bien l'objet de la politique foncière réside principalement dans le renforcement de la fonction économique de la propriété ; toutefois ce but sera largement occulté par le fait qu'il nécessitera, pour être atteint, une restriction de certains des droits des propriétaires.

Suggested Citation

  • Chantal de Crisenoy, 1988. "De l'origine et du rôle de la politique foncière agricole," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 184(1), pages 85-91.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recoru:ecoru_0013-0559_1988_num_184_1_3895
    DOI: 10.3406/ecoru.1988.3895
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecoru.1988.3895
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    Cited by:

    1. Jean-Pierre Boinon, 2011. "Les politiques foncières agricoles en France depuis 1945," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 444(1), pages 19-37.

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