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Les échanges de céréales et leurs implications politiques et économiques

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  • J.-P. Chabert

Abstract

[eng] Grain Exchanges and their Economie and Political Implications - Grain crops have long been a political weapon as their production, processing and circulation are inseparable from deliberate steps taken by the State, steps that may vary or may reinforce one another. The dépendance or the domination of a country cannot be deduced simply by glancing at its trade flow. Everything depends on the importing States to have a hand in the structuring of the economy of the exporting country, with a view to its own imports, or on the contrary, the exporting country's governments abilites to have a hand in the structuring of the economy of the importing country, with a view to its own exports. . The increase in cereal trade has not led to less heterogeneous production conditions among competing and interrelated firms in the grain complete. It has modified this heterogeneity and placed it elsewhere in a process in which phases of specialization and despecialization, of concentration and déconcentration alternate. During this process, production conditions and the relations between agents in the cereal complete change. The marginalization of a region or of a country heralds its modernization on a new basis. . Some economic and financial agents may have an influence on the reproduction and modified place of the heterogeneous nature of production conditions by means of the monopoly control they exert on prices and technical innovation. Moreover, protectionist measures adopted by the various States give rise to a great many comparative local advantages which can be known and used only by these agents which act quickly and easily on an international scale. In such conditions protectionist policies aimed at protecting some national producers (and which do indeed protect them) at the same time had to the most powerful economic agents being reinforced and to continued instability on the international markets. . These are the main points considered here, with France as an example. France, in the process of industrialization, has considerably developed its commercial exchanges in grain crops and from colonization to decolonization has, from being an importing country, become an exporting country. . The problems posed by commercial exchanges in grain do not seem to be really specific. They are on the whole those of an international, monopolistic market, divided up into national States. [fre] Les céréales sont depuis longtemps une arme politique car leur production, leur transformation et leur circulation sont inséparables d'actions délibérées de l'Etat qui se renforcent et se diversifient. La dépendance ou la domination d'un pays ne peut être déduite d'une simple lecture des flux de marchandises. Tout dépend en particulier de la capacité de l'Etat du pays importateur à participer à la structuration, pour ses besoins d'importation, de l'économie de l'Etat du pays exportateur, on inversement de la capacité de l'Etat du pays exportateur à participer à la structuration, pour ses besoins d'exportation, de l'économie de l'Etat du pays importateur. . L'augmentation des échanges marchands de céréales n'a pas fait disparaître l'hétérogénéité des conditions de production des entreprises concurrentes et interreliées du complexe céréalier. Elle l'a renouvelée et déplacée dans un processus où alternent des phases de spécialisation et de déspécialisation, de concentration et de déconcentration : au cours de ce processus, les conditions de production et les rapports entre les agents du complexe céréalier changent. La marginalisation d'une région ou d'un pays prépare sa modernisation sur des bases nouvelles. . Certains agents économiques et financiers peuvent influencer la reproduction et le déplacement de l'hétérogénéité des conditions de production grâce au contrôle monopolistique qu'ils exercent sur les prix et la diffusion des techniques. De plus, les mesures protectionnistes adoptées par les différents Etats créent un grand nombre d'avantages comparatifs locaux qui ne peuvent être connus et utilisés que par ces agents qui agissent avec rapidité et souplesse à l'échelle internationale. Dans ces conditions, les politiques protectionnistes qui se proposent de protéger et protègent effectivement une partie des producteurs nationaux, aboutissent, dans le même temps, à renforcer les agents économiques les plus puissants et à perpétuer l'instabilité des marchés internationaux. . Tels sont les principaux points abordés ici à partir de l'exemple de la France qui dans le processus d'industrialisation a développé considérablement ses échanges marchands de céréales et qui, de la colonisation à la décolonisation, est passée du statut de pays importateur à celui de pays exportateur. . Les problèmes posés par les échanges marchands de céréales ne semblent pas vraiment spécifiques. Ce sont plus généralement ceux d'une économie internationale de marché, monopolistique et fragmentée en Etats nationaux.

Suggested Citation

  • J.-P. Chabert, 1976. "Les échanges de céréales et leurs implications politiques et économiques," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 115(1), pages 23-30.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recoru:ecoru_0013-0559_1976_num_115_1_2438
    DOI: 10.3406/ecoru.1976.2438
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecoru.1976.2438
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