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Abstract
[eng] Derivatives Markets in American Bankruptcy.. By treating derivatives and financial repurchase agreements much more favorably than it treats other financial vehicles, American bankruptcy law subsidizes these arrangements relative to other financing channels. By subsidizing them, the rules weaken market discipline during ordinary financial times in ways that can leave financial markets weaker than they would be otherwise, thereby exacerbating financial failure during an economic downturn or financial crisis emanating from other difficulties, such as an unexpectedly weakened housing and mortgage market in 2007 and 2008. Moreover and perhaps unnoticed, because the superpriorities in the Bankruptcy Code are available only for short-term financing arrangements, they thereby favor short-term financing arrangements over more stable longer term arrangements. While proponents of superpriority justify the superpriorities as reducing contagion, there’s good reason to think that they in fact do not reduce contagion meaningfully, did not reduce it in the recent financial crisis, but instead contribute to runs and weaken market discipline. A basic application of the Modigliani-Miller framework suggests that the risks policymakers might hope the favored treatment would eliminate are principally shifted from inside the derivatives and repurchase agreement markets to creditors who are outside that market. The most important outside creditor is the United States, as de jure or de facto guarantor of too-big-to-fail financial institutions. . Classification JEL : G01, G13, G18, G33. [fre] En accordant un traitement préférentiel aux opérations de produits dérivés et de repos, la loi américaine sur les faillites encourage ces dispositifs par rapport aux autres canaux de financement. Cet encouragement fragilise la discipline de marché en période économique normale, exacerbant de ce fait les faillites financières lorsque survient une période de récession économique ou une crise financière provenant d’autres difficultés, telles que l’affaiblissement inattendu du marché hypothécaire et de l’immobilier, en 2007 et 2008. En outre, le fait que les superpriorités conférées par le Code américain des faillites ne soient accordées qu’aux instruments de financement à court terme favorise ces derniers par rapport à des dispositifs plus stables et à plus long terme. Alors que les partisans des superpriorités justifient leur bien-fondé en arguant qu’elles réduisent les risques de contagion, il y a tout lieu de penser qu’en fait, elles ne les réduisent pas de manière significative et n’ont pas eu un tel effet lors de la récente crise financière, mais qu’elles contribuent plutôt à des désengagements massifs et à une fragilisation de la discipline de marché. Une application simple du théorème de Modigliani-Miller suggère que les risques que les responsables politiques espèrent éliminer grâce à ce traitement de faveur sont principalement transférés des marchés de dérivés et d’opérations de repos vers les créanciers extérieurs à ces marchés. Les États-Unis sont le créancier extérieur le plus important vers lequel ces risques sont transférés, en vertu de leur rôle de garant de droit ou du fait des institutions financières considérées trop importantes pour faire faillite. . Classification JEL : G01, G13, G18, G33.
Suggested Citation
Mark J. Roe, 2012.
"Les marchés de produits dérivés et la loi américaine sur les faillites,"
Revue d'Économie Financière, Programme National Persée, vol. 105(1), pages 231-248.
Handle:
RePEc:prs:recofi:ecofi_0987-3368_2012_num_105_1_5972
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JEL classification:
- G01 - Financial Economics - - General - - - Financial Crises
- G13 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing
- G18 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Government Policy and Regulation
- G33 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Bankruptcy; Liquidation
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