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Liquidité, incertitude et crise

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  • Christian Gollier

Abstract

[fre] Les prêts hypothécaires dits « subprimes » représentent un peu moins de 1000 milliards de dollars d’encours aux États-Unis. Une bonne partie correspond à des prêts contractés avant 2005 dont on peut raisonnablement penser qu’ils seront entièrement remboursés. Parce que l’on peut aussi raisonnablement penser que le marché immobilier américain va corriger d’environ 20 % la bulle qu’il a connue suite à la politique de taux faible de la Federal Reserve (Fed) depuis 2001, on estime communément la perte directe liée à la crise des « subprimes » pour l’ensemble du monde financier autour de 300 milliards de dollars, perte qui devra être épongée par le secteur dans les quelques prochaines années. Pour comparaison, cette perte est dans le même ordre de grandeur qu’une chute du marché américain des actions de 1 %, ce que les banques et les assureurs épongent de façon routinière sur une base journalière. Dès lors, comment ce grain de sable a-t-il pu générer une telle crise de liquidité, impliquant une impressionnante fuite vers la qualité, accroissant les risques de récession aux États-Unis, et gonflant les spreads de taux sur les différents niveaux de notation à des degrés très inattendus ? L’intermédiation bancaire est sujette à deux types de crise de nature très différente : la crise de liquidité et la crise de solvabilité. Parce que ces 300 milliards de perte ne sont qu’une goutte d’eau dans l’océan des 7 000 milliards d’actifs des banques commerciales américaines, il est difficile d’imaginer que nous soyons confrontés à une crise de solvabilité, en tout cas au niveau macroéconomique. Nous sommes donc bien confrontés à une crise de liquidité.

Suggested Citation

  • Christian Gollier, 2008. "Liquidité, incertitude et crise," Revue d'Économie Financière, Programme National Persée, vol. 7(1), pages 129-133.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recofi:ecofi_0987-3368_2008_hos_7_1_5197
    DOI: 10.3406/ecofi.2008.5197
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecofi.2008.5197
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