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Les banques belges face à l'État : une rétrospective (1935-1993)

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  • Isabelle Cassiers
  • Valérie de Briey
  • Florence Degavre
  • Anne-Catherine Provost

Abstract

[eng] Belgian banks and the State, 1935-1993 . The « mixed-type » banks which sustained Belgium’s industrial expansion in the 19th and early 20th centuries were demerged in 1934-35 into deposit banks on the one hand, and holding companies on the other. This reform, introduced at a time of crisis in order to prevent the collapse of the banking system, restricted the banks’ operational scope. Helped by the war economy and the rising national debt, many of these banks turned to the State, which became for a long period of time the principal beneficiary of their credits. The banks have frequently been accused of having done little to support the postwar economic growth -or at least in the private sector ; their defence has been to refer to the statutory yoke which was inhibiting their initiatives. Was the loosening of this yoke during the 1960s a contributory factor in accelerating economic growth ? Or was it rather the vigorous growth which made it possible to relax these statutory regulations ? The Belgian banking system long remained sheltered from the economic crisis which broke out in the 1970s, no doubt helped by the profits which it was making from the rising public debt. But since the end of the 1980s, globalisation, deregulation and disintermediation forced the banks to carry out a number of restructuring measures. Their oligopolistic position in the financing of public debt has been weakened. In 1993 a reform of banking status, inspired by European Directives, led to the adoption of the German universal bank model and brought to a close the historical episode of the « deposit bank ». [fre] Les « banques mixtes » qui ont soutenu l’expansion industrielle de la Belgique au XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle ont été scindées en 1934-35 en banques de dépôt d’une part et sociétés de portefeuille d’autre part. Cette réforme, introduite en temps de crise pour sauver le système bancaire de la déconfiture, a restreint le champ d’action des banques. L’économie de guerre et la montée de la dette publique aidant, celles-ci se sont largement tournées vers l’État qui devint pour longtemps le principal bénéficiaire de leurs crédits. Les banques ont été fréquemment accusées d’avoir peu soutenu la croissance économique d’après-guerre -ou tout au moins celle du secteur privé ; elles s’en sont défendu en faisant valoir le carcan réglementaire qui inhibait leurs initiatives. L’allégement de ce carcan au cours des années soixante a-t-il contribué à l’accélération de la croissance économique ? Ou serait-ce plutôt la croissance vigoureuse qui permit l’assouplissement des dispositions réglementaires ? Le système bancaire belge est resté longtemps à l’abri de la crise économique déclenchée dans les années soixante-dix, sans doute aidé par les bénéfices qu’il tirait de la montée de la dette publique. Mais depuis la fin des années quatre-vingt, la globalisation, la déréglementation et la désintermédiation forcent les banques à de nombreuses restructurations. Leur position oligopolistique dans le financement de la dette publique est ébranlée. En 1993, une réforme du statut bancaire inspirée par les directives européennes conduit à l’adoption du modèle allemand de banque universelle et clôt l’épisode historique de la « banque de dépôt ».

Suggested Citation

  • Isabelle Cassiers & Valérie de Briey & Florence Degavre & Anne-Catherine Provost, 1998. "Les banques belges face à l'État : une rétrospective (1935-1993)," Revue d'Économie Financière, Programme National Persée, vol. 48(4), pages 125-155.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recofi:ecofi_0987-3368_1998_num_48_4_4588
    DOI: 10.3406/ecofi.1998.4588
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecofi.1998.4588
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    Cited by:

    1. Matthieu Gilson & Kim Oosterlinck & Andrey Ukhov, 2015. "Time-Varying Risk Aversion during World War II: Evidence from Belgian Lottery Bond Prices," Working Papers CEB 15-031, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    2. Erik Buyst & Ivo Maes, 2008. "The Regulation and Supervision of the Belgian Financial System (1830 - 2005)," Working Papers 77, Bank of Greece.

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