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Brevet, protection et diffusion des connaissances : une relecture néo-institutionnelle des propriétés de la règle de droit

Author

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  • Christian Bessy
  • Éric Brousseau

Abstract

[fre] En suivant une approche néo-institutionnelle inspirée de celle de North, nous montrons comment le brevet joue son rôle d'incitation à l'innovation et de vecteur de sa diffusion. En général, on suppose que la règle de droit incite à une codification des connaissances en échange de la création de droits de propriété temporaires. Selon nous, la difficulté et le coût de ces deux opérations empêchent une codification complète de la connaissance et l'établissement de droits non ambigus d'usage et de captation des fruits de l'innovation. Le brevet est donc incomplet. Cette incomplétude est palliée par l'organisation, à un niveau institutionnel ou bilatéral (contractuel), d'un débat entre les inventeurs, leurs concurrents et les utilisateurs des inventions. Ces négociations permettent d'une part, d'assurer le transfert des connaissances, d'autre part de préciser au cas par cas l'étendue effective des droits de propriété de chacun. Selon nous, les politiques publiques de la science et de la technologie doivent tenir compte de ces négociations qui confèrent ses propriétés effectives à la règle de droit. Nous soulignons notamment que l'actuel droit du brevet permet d'adapter finement les droits d'usage effectifs des inventions à l'économie spécifique des différents domaines des connaissances ainsi qu'à la particularité de chaque situation concurrentielle. [eng] Following a New-lnstitutional approach inspired by North, we show how patents play their role of protecting the innovators while being the vectors of knowledge diffusion. The general approach states that the Patent Law incites innovators to codify their inventions in exchange of temporary property rights on them. We show that it is intrinsically too difficult and too costly to perfectly codify knowledge and to state unambiguous rights of using and benefiting from the effects of inventions. Consequently patents are incomplete. This incompletness is overcome by the organization at an institutional level or at a bilateral (contractual) level of debates between the innovator, the competitors and the users of the invention. These negotiations enable them, on the one hand, to transmit knowledge even if its stays partially tacit and private, on the other hand, to state clearly the effective extent of each party's property rights. According to this analysis, public policies for science and technology should take into account these bargaining processes that rally round the patent system because they affect deeply the properties of legal rules. We especially show that the existing (incomplete) patent law enables economic agents to finely adapt the usage rights of innovations to the specific economics of the various knowledge domains and to the particularities of each competitive situation.

Suggested Citation

  • Christian Bessy & Éric Brousseau, 1997. "Brevet, protection et diffusion des connaissances : une relecture néo-institutionnelle des propriétés de la règle de droit," Revue d'Économie Industrielle, Programme National Persée, vol. 79(1), pages 233-254.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recind:rei_0154-3229_1997_num_79_1_1663
    DOI: 10.3406/rei.1997.1663
    Note: DOI:10.3406/rei.1997.1663
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    Cited by:

    1. Charlène Lambert & Albéric Tellier, 2015. "Quel rôle peut jouer un syndicat professionnel dans un réseau inter-organisationnel innovant ? Le cas de l'Union Nationale des Entreprises de Paysage," Post-Print hal-01488067, HAL.
    2. David Moroz, 2005. "Production of Scientific Knowledge and Radical Uncertainty: The Limits of the Normative Approach in Innovation Economics," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 20(3), pages 305-322, November.
    3. Véronique Schaeffer & Sıla Öcalan-Özel & Julien Pénin, 2020. "The complementarities between formal and informal channels of university–industry knowledge transfer: a longitudinal approach," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 45(1), pages 31-55, February.
    4. Isabelle Liotard, 2012. "Les plateformes d'innovation sur Internet : arrangements contractuels, intermédiation et gestion de la propriété intellectuelle," Post-Print hal-00680366, HAL.

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