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La rigidité des prix en France : quelques enseignements des relevés de prix à la consommation

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  • Laurent Baudry
  • Hervé Le Bihan
  • Patrick Sevestre
  • Sylvie Tarrieu

Abstract

[fre] La rigidité des prix en France: quelques enseignements des relevés de prix à la consommation . . Pour décrire À l’aide de l’échantillon des relevés de prix utilisés pour le calcul de l’indice des prix à la consommation (IPC), les la rigidité des prix à la consommation en France, divers indicateurs (durée de vie des prix, fréquence et amplitude des changements de prix) sont calculés à partir sur la période 1994-2003. La durée moyenne «pondérée» entre deux changements de prix est d’environ trois trimestres dans les secteurs couverts par la base de données (65 % de l’IPC). Il existe de fortes hétérogénéités entre les types de points de vente, et entre les secteurs: les prix dans le secteur des services changent plus rarement (en général, une fois par an) que les prix des produits manufacturés (en général, deux fois par an). Les prix des produits alimentaires (hors produits frais, non disponibles) et ceux de l’énergie (hors gaz de ville et électricité) sont plus fl exibles. Excepté dans le secteur des services, les baisses de prix sont presque aussi fréquentes que les hausses puisqu’en moyenne, quatre variations de prix sur dix sont des baisses de prix. Enfi n, l’ampleur moyenne d’une variation de prix est importante (de l’ordre de plus ou moins dix pour cent), mais il existe une fraction non négligeable de petites variations (l’ampleur médiane des augmentations de prix, comme des baisses, est d’environ cinq pour cent). L’infl ation modérée observée en France au cours de la dernière décennie se décompose en termes de changements de prix individuels de la façon suivante: des hausses et des baisses relativement rares mais d’ampleur signifi cative, les hausses étant légèrement plus fréquentes que les baisses. [ger] Preisrigidität in Frankreich: einige Lehren aus den Verbraucherpreiserhebungen . . Zur Beschreibung der Veränderungen von Verbraucherpreisen in Frankreich werden verschiedene Indikatoren (Lebensdauer der Preise, Häufi gkeit und Umfang der Preisänderungen) auf der Grundlage der Erhebungen erstellt, die zur Berechnung des Verbraucherpreisindexes für den Zeitraum 1994-2003 verwendet wurden. Der "gewichtete“ durchschnittliche Zeitraum zwischen zwei Preisänderungen liegt bei etwa drei Quartalen in den Sektoren, die die Datenbank abdeckt (65 % des Verbraucherpreisindexes). Zwischen den Arten der Verkaufsstellen und zwischen den Sektoren gibt es starke Heterogenitäten: Die Preise im Dienstleistungssektor ändern sich seltener (in der Regel einmal im Jahr) als die Preise gewerblicher und industrieller Erzeugnisse (in der Regel zweimal im Jahr). Die Lebensmittelpreise (ohne nicht verfügbare Frischerzeugnisse) und die Energiepreise (ohne Stadtgas und Elektrizität) sind fl exibler. Außer im Dienstleistungssektor werden die Preise fast genauso häufi g gesenkt wie erhöht, da es sich im Schnitt bei vier von zehn Preisänderungen um Preissenkungen handelt. Der durchschnittliche Umfang einer Preisschwankung ist zudem beträchtlich (um mehr oder weniger zehn Prozent); allerdings gibt es einen nicht zu vernachlässigenden Anteil kleiner Schwankungen (der Median der Preiserhöhungen wie auch der Preissenkungen liegt bei etwa fünf Prozent). Die mäßige Infl ation, die im letzten Jahrzehnt in Frankreich zu beobachten war, setzt sich im Hinblick auf die individuellen Preisänderungen wie folgt zusammen: vergleichsweise seltene, dafür aber beträchtliche Preisanhebungen und •senkungen, wobei die Erhöhungen häufi ger sind als die Senkungen. [spa] La rigidez de los precios en Francia: unas cuantas enseñanzas de los estados de los precios al consumo . . Para describir los cambios de los precios al consumo en Francia, varios indicadores (duración de vida de los precios, frecuencia y amplitud de los cambios de precio) se calculan a partir de los estados utilizados para el cálculo del índice de los precios al consumo (IPC) en el periodo 1994-2003. La duración media «ponderada» entre dos cambios de precios es de unos tres trimestres en los sectores cubiertos por la base de datos (el 65 % del IPC). Existen fuertes heterogeneidades entre los tipos de puntos de venta y entre los sectores: los precios en el sector servicios cambian con menos frecuencia (de manera general, una vez al año) que los precios de los productos manufacturados (dos veces al año). Los precios de los productos alimentarios (excepto los de los productos frescos no disponibles) y los de la energía (excepto los del gas natural y de la electricidad) son más fl exibles). Salvo en el sector de los servicios, las bajas de los precios son casi tan frecuentes como las alzas puesto que en un promedio cuatro de cada diez variaciones de precios son unas bajas de precios. En fi n, la amplitud media de una variación de precios es fuerte (alrededor de un diez porciento), pero hay también un proporción bastante relevante de pequeñas variaciones (la amplitud mediana de las alzas de las precios y de las bajas es de un cinco porciento). La infl ación moderada registrada en Francia durante el último decenio se descompone en términos de cambios de precios individuales como sigue: unas alzas y unas bajas poco frecuentes pero de amplitud relevante, siendo las alzas más frecuentes que las bajas. [eng] Price rigidity in France: information from consumer price collections . . Different indicators (price lifetimes, frequency and extent of price changes) are calculated based on consumer price index (CPI) price collections for the 1994-2003 period in an endeavour to describe consumer price changes in France. The average "weighted” period of time between two price changes is approximately three quarters in the sectors covered by the database (65% of the CPI). Huge differences are found between outlet types and sectors: prices in the service sector change more rarely (generally once a year) than manufactured product prices (generally twice a year). Food prices (excluding fresh produce prices, which were not available) and energy prices (excluding town gas and electricity) are more fl exible. With the exception of the service sector, price decreases are virtually as frequent as price increases since an average of four in ten price variations are price decreases. Lastly, the average size of a price variation is large (at around 10%), but a not-inconsiderable proportion of small price variations is found (the median level of both price increases and decreases being approximately 5%). The moderate infl ation observed in France over the last decade can be broken down in terms of individual price changes as follows: relatively rare, but signifi cant, increases and decreases, with increases being slightly more frequent.

Suggested Citation

  • Laurent Baudry & Hervé Le Bihan & Patrick Sevestre & Sylvie Tarrieu, 2005. "La rigidité des prix en France : quelques enseignements des relevés de prix à la consommation," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 386(1), pages 37-57.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2005_num_386_1_7186
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2005.7186
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2005.7186
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    1. Alvarez, Luis J. & Hernando, Ignacio, 2006. "Price setting behaviour in Spain: Evidence from consumer price micro-data," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 23(4), pages 699-716, July.
    2. Erwan Gautier, 2007. "La dynamique des changements de prix de production en France : une analyse à partir des relevés de prix de production," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 407(1), pages 3-26.
    3. Imbs, Jean & Jondeau, Eric & Pelgrin, Florian, 2011. "Sectoral Phillips curves and the aggregate Phillips curve," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(4), pages 328-344.
    4. N. Berardi. & E. Gautier., 2016. "Adjustments in consumer prices in France in periods of low inflation," Quarterly selection of articles - Bulletin de la Banque de France, Banque de France, issue 41, pages 51-65, spring.
    5. Nicoletta Berardi & Erwan Gautier & Hervé Le Bihan, 2013. "Les ajustements individuels de prix à la consommation en France : de nouveaux résultats sur la période 2003-2011," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 460(1), pages 5-35.
    6. Erwan Gautier & Ronan Le Saout, 2015. "L'ajustement microéconomique des prix des carburants en France," Working Papers hal-01195759, HAL.

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