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La taille des entreprises détermine-t-elle à elle seule leur comportement d'exportation ?

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  • Sylvie Scherrer

Abstract

[eng] Does Corporate Size Alone Determine Corporate Export Patterns? . It is generally felt that corporate size is one of the factors to be considered in export drive policies. However, there are huge differences between small and large business export figures. Exports are highly concentrated among a small number of generally large firms. Yet opinions differ as to the nature of the relationship between the size of companies and their exports. Is size the most important factor for exports or does it mask, mainly by way of structural effects, the determining influences of other . factors such as business sector, membership of a group and geographical location? . Corporate export behaviour modeling finds that the decision to export and the definition of export levels are each based on a different reasoning. There appears to be a financial and human resources threshold below which companies will not risk exporting. Above this threshold of approximately 200 employees, the business sector is the most important determinant in the decision to export. Similarly, once the decision to export has been made, small and large companies set their export levels based . on different logics. The threshold for this difference in behaviour is approximately 500 employees. [fre] La taille des entreprises détermine-t-elle à elle seule leur comportement d'exportation ? . De l'avis général, la taille des entreprises constitue un des facteurs à prendre en compte dans les politiques en faveur des exportations. De fait, de grandes disparités existent en matière d'exportations entre petites et grandes entreprises, les exportations étant fortement concentrées sur un petit nombre d'entreprises, généralement de grande taille. Cependant, la nature de la relation entre la taille des entreprises et leurs exportations ne fait pas l'objet d'un consensus : la taille constitue-t-elle le facteur le plus important en matière d'exportation ou masque-t-elle, par des effets de structure notamment, les influences déterminantes d'autres facteurs tels que le secteur d'activité, l'appartenance de l'entreprise à un groupe ou sa localisation géographique ? Une modélisation du comportement d'exportation des entreprises souligne que la décision d'exporter et la détermination du niveau d'exportation répondent chacune à une logique différente. Il semble exister un seuil, en termes de ressources financières et humaines, en dessous duquel les entreprises ne se risqueraient pas à exporter. Au-delà de ce seuil, qui se situe autour de 200 salariés, c'est d'abord le secteur d'activité qui déterminerait leur décision d'exporter. De même, une fois la décision d'exportation adoptée, les petites et les grandes entreprises ne fondent pas la fixation du niveau de leurs exportations sur la même logique. Le seuil marquant cette différence de comportement se situe alors aux alentours de 500 salariés. [ger] 1st die GrôBe der Unternehmen allein fur das Exportverhalten ausschlaggebend? . Allgemein wird davon ausgegangen, daB die UnternehmensgroBe einen der Faktoren darstellt, die bei der Exportpolitik zu berucksichtigen sind. Beim Export bestehen in der Tat groGe Unterschiede zwischen kleinen und groGen Unternehmen, da der Export im wesentlichen auf eine kleine Anzahl von Unternehmen - im allgemeinen GroGunternehmen - konzentriert ist. Was die Art der Beziehungen zwischen UnternehmensgrôGe und Export anbetrifft, so gehen hier die Meinungen jedoch auseinander: ist die GroGe der wichtigste Faktor beim Export oder kaschiert sie - insbesondere aufgrund von Struktureffekten - den entscheidenden EinfluG weiterer Faktoren, wie des Wirtschaftszweigs, der Zugehôrigkeit des Untemehmens zu einer Gruppe oder seines Standortes? Einer Modellierung des Exportverhaltens der Unternehmen ist zu entnehmen, daG die Exportentscheidung und die Bestimmung des Exportniveaus jeweils einer anderen Logik entsprechen. Wie es scheint, gibt es hinsichtlich der Finanz- und Humanressourcen einen Schwellenwert, unterhalb dessen sich die Unternehmen nicht an den Export heranwagen wùrden. Oberhalb dieses Schwellenwerts, der bei 200 Beschàftigten liegt, wùrde in erster Linie der Tatigkeitsbereich fur die Exportentscheidung maGgebend sein. Desgleichen handeln die kleinen und groGen Unternehmen - wenn sie beschlossen haben zu exportieren - bei der Bestimmung ihres Exportniveaus nicht nach der gleichen Logik. Der Schwellenwert, der fur dieses unterschiedliche Verhalten entscheidend ist, liegt bei 500 Beschàftigten. [spa] ï,Es el tamaho de las empresas el ûnico de exportaciôn? . Es opinion general que el tamarïo de las empresas constituye uno de los factores a tomar en cuenta en las politicas de fomento a las exportaciones. De hecho, existen grandes disparidades en materia de exportaciôn entre pequenas y grandes empresas, concentrândose las exportaciones en un numéro reducido de empresas, en general de gran tamano. Sin embargo no hay acuerdo comûn en cuanto a la natura de las relaciones entre el tamano de las empresas y sus exportaciones. i,Constituye el tamano el factor mâs importante en materia de exportaciôn o es que oculta mediante unos efectos estructurales las influencias déterminantes de otros factores, tales como el sector de actividad, el pertenecer la empresa a un grupo, o la ubicaciôn de esta? . factor déterminante de su comportamiento . Una modelizaciôn del comportamiento de exportaciôn de las empresas pone de manifiesto el que la decision de exportar o la determinaciôn del nivel de exportaciôn corresponden cada una a una lôgica diferente. Existe un umbral, en términos de recursos financieros y humanos, por debajo del cual las empresas no se arriesgarian a exportar. Mâs alla de dicho umbral, que se situa alrededor de los doscientos asalariados, serfa déterminante primero en la decision de exportar el sector de actividad. Igualmente, cuando se toma la decision de exportaciôn, las pequenas y grandes empresas no se basan en la misma lôgica para determinar el nivel de su exportaciôn. El umbral que délimita esta diferencia de comportamiento se situa alrededor de los 500 asalariados.

Suggested Citation

  • Sylvie Scherrer, 1998. "La taille des entreprises détermine-t-elle à elle seule leur comportement d'exportation ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 319(1), pages 163-178.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1998_num_319_1_2675
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1998.2675
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1998.2675
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jonathan L Calof, 1994. "The Relationship Between Firm Size and Export Behavior Revisited," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 25(2), pages 367-387, June.
    2. Jacques Maliverney, 1995. "Entreprises exportatrices de l'industrie manufacturière : clientèle et stratégie," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 287(1), pages 45-54.
    3. Heckman, James, 2013. "Sample selection bias as a specification error," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 31(3), pages 129-137.
    4. Andrea Bonaccorsi, 1992. "On the Relationship Between Firm Size and Export Intensity," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 23(4), pages 605-635, December.
    5. Greene, William H, 1981. "Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error: Comment," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 49(3), pages 795-798, May.
    6. Jean-Luc Bricout, 1991. "Exporter : une question de taille," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 244(1), pages 25-33.
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