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Le financement des retraites publiques face à la transition démographique dans quatre pays de l'OCDE

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  • Robert P. Hagemann
  • Giuseppe Nicoletti

Abstract

[fre] La réduction de la fécondité et le vieillissement de la population étant commun à la plupart des pays industrialisés, tous font face au problème du financement des retraites publiques. L'Allemagne fédérale, les Etats-Unis, le Japon, et la Suède offrent un panorama varié de l'intensité de cette transition démographique, de la nature du régime en vigueur (répartition, capitalisation partielle, etc.) et de la mise en place ou non de réformes préparatoires. Ces différences réapparaissent dans l'incidence des évolutions démographiques sur le financement des retraites et dans l'efficacité de différentes mesures visant à limiter la hausse future des taux de cotisations qui sera nécessaire dans beaucoup de pays. . Globalement, une politique de capitalisation partielle rendrait possible un "lissage" des variations souvent abruptes des taux de cotisations. Relever l'âge de la retraite à taux plein, comme l'ont fait les Etats-Unis et comme envisagent de le faire les trois autres pays étudiés ici, permettrait de limiter sensiblement les majorations de cotisations. De même, une réduction des prestations, obtenue par exemple en décidant de calculer désormais les pensions suivant une proportion constante des salaires nets, et non plus bruts, aurait pour effet d'étaler plus équitablement sur les générations successives les conséquences de l'évolution de la fécondité, tout en limitant le relèvement des taux de cotisation. [eng] The Financing of Government Retirement Pensions in Relation to Demographic Changes in Four OECD Countries - Since the dropping fertility rate and an aging population are common to most industrialized countries, these countries have to face the problem of financing government old age pensions. West Germany, the United-States, Japan, and Sweden present a varied panorama in the range of demographic changes, the type of government retirement pensions (distributive, partial capitalization, etc.), and the presence or absence of the establishment of preparatory reforms. These differences are also noticeable in the effects that demographic trends have upon the financing of retirement pensions and on the efficiency of various measures which aim at limiting the future increases in the contribution rates which will be necessary in many countries. . On the whole, a policy of partial capitalization would permit a emoothing in the often abrupt variations in contribution rates. Delaying the retirement age for a full pension - as was done in the United States and is being considered in the three other countries studied here - would make it possible to limit noticeably the increases in contributions. Similarly, a drop in benefits, obtained for instance by deciding from now on to calculate pensions according to a constant percentage of the net income, and no longer the gross income, would result in the spreading out more equitably on successive generations the consequences of the change in the fertility rate, while limiting the increase in contribution rates. [spa] El financiamiento de las jubilaciones públicas frente a la transición demográfica en cuatro países de la OCDE - La disminución de la tasa de fecundidad y el envejecimiento de la población constituyen elementos comunes a la mayoría de los países industrializados. En efecto, todos se hallan confrontados al problema del financiamento de las jubilaciones públicas. La República Federal de Alemania, los Estados Unidos, el Japon y Suecia ofrecen un panorama variado de la intensidad de esta transición demográfica, de la naturaleza del regimen en vigencia (repartición, capitalización parcial...) y de la implementación o no de reformas preparatorias. Estas diferencias vuelven a surgir en la incidencia de las evoluciones demográficas sobre el financiamiento de las jubilaciones y en la eficacidad de las diferentes medidas tendentes a limitar el alza próxima de las tasas de cotización que sera necesaria en muchos países. . Una politica de capitalización parcial haría factible globalmente un « emparejamiento » de las tasas de cotizaciones que son, con frecuencia, abruptas. Aumentar el tope de la edad para acogerse a los beneficios de la jubilación con derecho a un porcentaje pleno, como lo hicieron los EEUU y como proyectan hacerlo los otros tres países aquí analizados, permitiría limitar sensiblemente el aumento de las cotizaciones. Asimismo una reducción de las prestaciones, obtenida, por ejemplo, a través de un cálculo de las pensiones mediante una proporción constante de los salarios netos y no brutos, tendría por efecto el hecho de distribuir más equitativamente en las generaciones sucesivas las consecuencias de la evolución de la fecundidad, limitando así el aumento de las tasas de cotización.

Suggested Citation

  • Robert P. Hagemann & Giuseppe Nicoletti, 1990. "Le financement des retraites publiques face à la transition démographique dans quatre pays de l'OCDE," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 233(1), pages 39-51.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1990_num_233_1_5463
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1990.5463
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1990.5463
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Feldstein, Martin S, 1974. "Social Security, Induced Retirement, and Aggregate Capital Accumulation," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 82(5), pages 905-926, Sept./Oct.
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