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Présentation générale

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[fre] Structures et propriétés de cinq modèles macro-économétriques français . Le présent dossier est consacré à une comparaison de la structure, des principales spécifications et des propriétés des modèles macro-économiques de grande taille que cinq institutions (Banque de France, Direction de la Prévision, École Centrale, Insee, OFCE) utilisent régulièrement pour réaliser des prévisions et des évaluations macro-économiques. Ce sont les choix de modélisation par domaine ou par variable qui sont à l'origine des principales différences entre les résultats obtenus avec chaque modèle. Ces spécificités sont décrites par découpage des modèles en quatre grands blocs regroupant l'ensemble des relations relatives à un domaine particulier. . Le premier bloc représente le comportement des entreprises : les fonctions de production, les demandes de facteurs de production, ainsi que les équations de formation des stocks. Dans quatre modèles sur cinq les fonctions utilisées sont à facteurs complémentaires. En ce qui concerne l'investissement, le mécanisme d'accélérateur joue un rôle central, mais d'autres variables interviennent fréquemment, comme les profits, la rentabilité ou les tensions sur les capacités de production. La dynamique de l'emploi résulte de l'ajustement à une cible qui dépend de l'évolution tendancielle de la productivité et des perspectives de production. Le mécanisme de la formation des stocks par les entreprises suppose quant à lui l'ajustement des stocks à un niveau désiré qui dépend de la production. Mais, les effets tampons sont également pris en compte ainsi que l'incidence des comportements spéculatifs liés aux évolutions de prix. . Le deuxième bloc est relatif à la boucle prix-salaires au sens large : formation des salaires, des prix et modélisation du chômage. Pour les salaires, les modèles retiennent pratiquement tous l'hypothèse d'une relation de Phillips avec une indexation unitaire à long terme sur les hausses de prix. Les prix sont modélisés sur la base d'un comportement de mark-up. La détermination du chômage découle de la confrontation de la population active et de l'emploi. Dans tous les modèles, un comportement de réaction de l'offre de travail à la situation du marché du travail (mécanisme de flexion des taux d'activité) est pris en compte. Le troisième bloc traite du comportement de partage du revenu des ménages entre la consommation et l'épargne et de leur choix du niveau d'investissement-logement. La plupart des équations retenues dans les modèles supposent, à long terme, une élasticité unitaire de la consommation au revenu. Les différences portent surtout sur la définition précise du revenu disponible soumis à l'arbitrage épargne - consommation, et sur la prise en compte des effets de l'inflation (effet d'encaisses réelles) ou d'autres variables caractéristiques de la situation économique générale (chômage notamment). Lorsque le comportement d'investissement en logements des ménages est endogène, l'investissement est supposé ajuster le stock effectif au niveau désiré de ce stock qui dépend de la démographie, du revenu et parfois du taux d'intérêt réel. . Le quatrième bloc présente les équations relatives au commerce extérieur. La modélisation des exportations et des importations fait l'objet d'un assez large consensus, et les équations retenues font jouer un rôle central à la compétitivité-prix et aux croissances des demandes nationale et étrangère. [eng] Structure and Properties of Five French Macroeconometric Models . This paper compares the structure, main specifications and properties of large-scale macroeconomic models regularly used for macroeconomic forecasts and evaluations by five French institutions (Banque de France, Direction de la Prévision, Ecole Centrale, Insee and OFCE). The main differences between the results obtained with each model are due to the choice of modeling by field or variable. These particularities are described by breaking down the models into four main blocks covering all the relations concerning a particular field. . The first block represents business behaviour: production functions, input demands and inventory build-up equations. In four of the five models, the functions used have complementary factors. The accelerator principle plays a central role in investment, but other variables such as profits, profitability and pressure on production capacities also frequently intervene. The employment dynamic results from adjustment to a target, which depends on the underlying productivity trends and production prospects. The mechanism for inventory build-up by businesses assumes stock adjustment to a chosen level, which depends on production. Buffer stock effects are also taken into account as is the effect of speculative behaviour on price trends. . The second block concerns the price-wage loop in the broad sense: wage setting, price setting and unemployment modeling. As regards wages, virtually all the models opt for the hypothesis of a Phillips relation with long-term unit indexation to price increases. The prices are modeled on the basis of mark-up patterns. Unemployment is determined by comparing the labour force with employment. All of the models take into account the reaction of the labour supply to the labour market situation (activity rate fluctuation mechanism). The third block deals with the how households divide their income between consumption and savings and their choice of housing investment level. Most of the equations used in the models assume the long-run unit income elasticity of consumption. Differences are found mainly in the precise definition of the disposable income subject to the savings-consumption choice and the inclusion of inflation effects (real cash balances effect) and other variables characteristic of the general economic situation (especially unemployment). When household housing investment behaviour is endogenous, the investment is assumed to adjust the actual stock to the desired stock level, which depends on demography, income and sometimes the real interest rate. . The fourth block presents the foreign trade equations. Exports and imports are modeled in very similar ways and the equations used ascribe a central role to price competitiveness and growth in national and foreign demand.

Suggested Citation

  • Anonymous or collective, 1998. "Présentation générale," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 134(3), pages 1-14.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecoprv:ecop_0249-4744_1998_num_134_3_5913
    DOI: 10.3406/ecop.1998.5913
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecop.1998.5913
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    1. Sims, Christopher A, 1980. "Macroeconomics and Reality," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 48(1), pages 1-48, January.
    2. Brunner, Karl & Meltzer, Allan H., 1976. "The Phillips curve," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 1-18, January.
    3. Ronald G. Bodkin & Lawrence R. Klein & Kanta Marwah, 1991. "A History of Macroeconometric Model-Building," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 51.
    4. Ando, Albert K, 1974. "Some Aspects of Stabilization Policies, the Monetarist Controversy, and the MPS Model," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 15(3), pages 541-571, October.
    5. Lucas, Robert Jr, 1976. "Econometric policy evaluation: A critique," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 19-46, January.
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