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Transport aérien : bilan de l'expérience américaine de libéralisation et leçon pour l'Europe

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  • Laurent Kenigswald

Abstract

[ger] Luftverkehr: Bilanz des amerikanischen Liberalisierungsexperiments und Lehren fur Europa . von Laurent Kenigswald . Die fur den 1. April 1997 vorgesehene vollstandige Liberalisierung des europaischen Luftverkehrs diirfte zu einer umfassenden Umstrukturierung des Angebots, einer Senkung der Preise und einer Dynamisierung der Nachfrage fuhren. Diese Prognosen, die im iibrigen von der groBen Mehrheit der Fachleute des Luftverkehrs geteilt werden, stiitzen sich auf die Analyse der tiefgreifenden Umwalzungen, die in den Vereinigten Staaten seit mehr als funfzehn Jahren vonstatten gehen. Die meisten dieser Umwalzungen lassen sich in der Tat auf den europaischen Markt ubertragen: Zunahme der Wahlmôglichkeiten, Erweiterung der Preisschere und Senkung der durchschnittlichen Tarife. Allerdings kônnten sich die Modalitaten dieser Entwicklungen von denjenigen unterscheiden, die in den Vereinigten Staaten zutage getreten sind; denn sie wiirden weniger auf einer Neuorganisation der "Speichennetze" und mehr auf einer Senkung der Kosten der Gesellschaften, deren Wettbewerbsfahigkeit zu wiinschen tibrig laBt, beruhen. Wenn auch die Bilanz der Liberalisierung des amerikanischen Luftverkehrs weitgehend positiv ist, geht aus der Analyse dennoch hervor, daB der fur die Wettbewerbsregulierung zustandigen Behorde einige Fehler unterlaufen sind. Es wird Aufgabe der nationalen Regulierungsbehôrden und der Europaischen Kommission sein, eine Wiederholung dieser Fehler zu vermeiden, insbesondere indem sie die MaBnahmen vorsehen, die zu einer wirksamen Bekampfung von Staus am Himmel und auf manchen Flughafen erforderlich sind. [fre] Transport aérien : bilan de l'expérience américaine de libéralisation et leçon pour l'Europe . par Laurent Kenigswald . La libéralisation totale du ciel européen prévue le 1er avril 1997 devrait se traduire par une importante restructuration de l'offre, une baisse des prix et dynamisation de la demande. Ces prévisions, au demeurant partagés par la grande majorité des spécialistes du transport aérien, s'appuient sur l'analyse des profondes mutations intervenues aux États-Unis depuis plus de quinze ans. La plupart de ces mutations sont en effet transposables au marché européen : augmentation des possibilités de choix, élargissement de l'éventail des prix et baisse des tarifs moyens. Les modalités de ces évolutions pourraient toutefois différer de celles qui ont été relevées aux États-Unis : elles s'appuieraient moins sur une réorganisation des réseaux "en étoiles" et plus sur une baisse des coûts des compagnies dont la compétitivité laisse à désirer. Si le bilan de la libéralisation du ciel américain est largement positif, l'analyse fait toutefois apparaître certains "ratés" de l'organisme chargé de réguler la concurrence. Il appartiendra aux autorités nationales de régulation et à la Commission européenne d' éviter de reproduire ces erreurs, notamment en se donnant les moyens de lutter efficacement contre la congestion du ciel et de certains aéroports. [spa] Transporte aéreo: balance de la experiencia americana de liberalizadôn y ensenanzas para Europa . por Laurent Kenigswald . La plena liberalizadôn del trafico aéreo europeo prevista para el 1 ero de abril de 1 997 deberîa traducirse en una importante reestructuraciôn de la oferta, una disminucion de los precios y dinamizaciôn de la demanda. Estas previsiones, hasta aqui compartidas por la gran mayorîa de los especialistas del transporte aéreo, se apoyan en el anâlisis de las profiindas mutaciones intervenidas en los Estados Unidos desde hace mas de quince anos. La mayorîa de estas mutaciones pueden en efecto transponerse al caso del mercado europeo: aumento de las posibilidades de elecciôn, extenciôn del abanico de precios y disminucion de las tarifas promedio. Los razgos ( las caracterîsticas ) de estas evoluciones podrîan sin embargo diferir de aquellas que se registraron en los Estados Unidos: estarîan menos sustentadas en una reorganizaciôn de las redes radiales y mas en una disminucion de los costos de las companfas cuya competitividad déjà mucho que desear. Si el balance de la liberalizaciôn del trâfïco aéreo americano es en gran parte positivo, el anâlisis muestra ciertas "insuficiencias"("baches") del organismo encargado de regular la competencia. Sera del dominio de las autoridades nacionales de regulation y de la Comisiôn europea el evitar la repeticiôn de estos errores, especialmente dotandose de medios para luchar contra la congestion del trafico aéreo y de ciertos aeropuertos. [eng] Air Transport: Review of the American Liberalization Experience and a Lesson for Europe . by Laurent Kenigswald . The complete liberalization of the European skies scheduled for 1 April 1997 should take the form of a substantial restructuring of the supply, a drop in prices and a stimulation of demand. These forecasts, shared by the vast majority of air transport specialists, are based on the analysis of the extensive changes made in the United States over more than fifteen years. Most of these changes can be transposed to the European market: greater choice, widening of the price range and decrease in average rates. The ways in which these changes are made could nevertheless differ from those observed in the United States. They will probably rely less on a reorganization of the networks into a hub and spoke system and more on a decrease in the costs of insufficiently competitive airlines. Although the assessment of the liberalization of the American skies is largely positive, the analysis reveals certain "failures" by the body in charge of regulating competition. The national regulatory authorities and the European Commission will have to avoid reproducing these errors, in particular by finding the means to effectively curb congestion in the sky and certain airports.

Suggested Citation

  • Laurent Kenigswald, 1995. "Transport aérien : bilan de l'expérience américaine de libéralisation et leçon pour l'Europe," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 119(3), pages 73-86.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecoprv:ecop_0249-4744_1995_num_119_3_5732
    DOI: 10.3406/ecop.1995.5732
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecop.1995.5732
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    References listed on IDEAS

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