Navigating face recognition technology: A comparative study of regulatory and ethical challenges in China and the European Union

Face recognition technology, while advancing rapidly, presents unique challenges in both China and the European Union (EU). This comparative study explores the distinct regulatory, ethical, and social obstacles each jurisdiction faces. In China, the widespread implementation of face recognition is facilitated by a supportive regulatory environment and a societal emphasis on security and surveillance. However, this has raised significant concerns regarding privacy, data security, and the potential for misuseby the authorities or private entities. In contrast, the EU’s stringent data protection laws, particularly the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), impose rigorous constraints on the deployment of face recognition technologies. These regulations aimto safeguard individual privacy but also create hurdles for technological advancement and implementation. Furthermore, public skepticism and ethical considerations in the EU limit the adoption of face recognition. This paper highlights the dichotomy between China's rapid technological adoption with lesser regulatory constraints and the EU’s cautious, privacy-centric approach, highlighting the need for a balanced framework that can navigate the ethical implications and privacy concerns while fostering technological innovation and addressing societal security needs in both regions.