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Pass-through of the Oakland, California, sugar-sweetened beverage tax in food stores two years post-implementation: A difference-in-differences study

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  • Julien Leider
  • Yu Li
  • Lisa M Powell

Abstract

Introduction: Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have gained support as a policy response to adverse health effects associated with SSB consumption. On July 1, 2017, Oakland, California, implemented a one-cent/ounce tax on SSBs with ≥25 calories/12 fluid ounces. This study estimated the long-term impact of the tax on taxed and untaxed beverage prices. Methods: Data on 5,830 taxed and 5,146 untaxed beverage prices were obtained from 99 stores in Oakland and 111 stores in Sacramento (comparison site), California, in late May-June 2017 and June 2019. Linear regression difference-in-differences models were computed with store and product fixed effects, with robust standard errors clustered on store, weighted based on volume sold by beverage sweetener status, type, and size. Results: Taxed beverage prices increased by 0.73 cents/ounce (95% CI = 0.47,1.00) on average in supermarkets and grocery stores in Oakland relative to Sacramento and 0.74 cents/ounce (95% CI = 0.39,1.09) in pharmacies, but did not change in convenience stores (-0.09 cents/ounce, 95% CI = -0.56,0.39). Untaxed beverage prices overall increased by 0.40 cents/ounce (95% CI = 0.05,0.75) in pharmacies but did not change in other store types. Prices of taxed individual-size soda specifically increased in all store types, by 0.91–2.39 cents/ounce (p

Suggested Citation

  • Julien Leider & Yu Li & Lisa M Powell, 2021. "Pass-through of the Oakland, California, sugar-sweetened beverage tax in food stores two years post-implementation: A difference-in-differences study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(1), pages 1-11, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0244884
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244884
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    1. Leider, Julien & Powell, Lisa M., 2022. "Longer-term impacts of the Oakland, California, sugar-sweetened beverage tax on prices and volume sold at two-years post-tax," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    2. Le Bodo, Yann & Etilé, Fabrice & Julia, Chantal & Friant-Perrot, Marine & Breton, Eric & Lecocq, Sébastien & Boizot-Szantai, Christine & Bergeran, Céline & Jabot, Françoise, 2022. "Public health lessons from the French 2012 soda tax and insights on the modifications enacted in 2018," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(7), pages 585-591.
    3. Pereda, Paula Carvalho & Moz-Christofoletti, Maria Alice & Duran, Ana Clara & Louzada, Maria Laura da Costa & Ng, Shu Wen, 2024. "Equity-Driven fiscal Policies: Taxing Ultra-Processed products and subsidizing minimally processed foods," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    4. He, Xiaoyang & Balagtas, Joseph V., 2022. "Spatial retail competition reduces the effects of soda taxes on price and quantity: Evidence from the Philadelphia Beverage Tax," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).

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