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Gender differences in trends of bladder cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios according to health expenditure in 55 countries

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  • Cheng-Yu Huang
  • Shao-Chuan Wang
  • Lung Chan
  • Tzuo-Yi Hsieh
  • Wen-Wei Sung
  • Sung-Lang Chen

Abstract

The association between bladder cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) and healthcare disparities has gender differences. However, no evidence supports gender as an issue in the association between changes in the MIR and health expenditures on bladder cancer. Changes in the MIR were defined as the difference in data from the years 2012 and 2018, which was named δMIR. Current health expenditures (CHE) and the human development index (HDI) were obtained from the World Health Organization and the Human Development Report Office. The association between variables was analyzed by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. In total, 55 countries were analyzed according to data quality and the exclusion of missing data. Globally, the MIR changed according to the HDI level in both genders. Among the 55 countries studied, a high HDI and CHE were significantly associated with a favorable age-standardized rate-based MIR (ASR-based MIR) in both genders and the subgroups according to gender (for both genders, MIR vs. HDI: ρ = -0.720, p

Suggested Citation

  • Cheng-Yu Huang & Shao-Chuan Wang & Lung Chan & Tzuo-Yi Hsieh & Wen-Wei Sung & Sung-Lang Chen, 2021. "Gender differences in trends of bladder cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios according to health expenditure in 55 countries," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(2), pages 1-14, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0244510
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244510
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