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An analysis of beak shape variation in two ages of domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) using landmark-based geometric morphometrics

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  • Hillary A Dalton
  • Benjamin J Wood
  • Tina M Widowski
  • Michele T Guerin
  • Stephanie Torrey

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess beak shape variation in domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and determine the effects of age, sex, and beak size on beak shape variation using geometric morphometrics. Dorsal and right lateral images were taken of 2442 turkeys at 6 and 18.5 weeks of age. Landmarks were digitized in tpsDig in three analyses of the dorsal upper mandible, lateral upper mandible, and lateral lower mandible shape of each turkey at both ages. The coordinate data were then subjected to a principal components analysis (PCA), multivariate regression, and a canonical variates analysis (CVA) with a Procrustes ANOVA in MorphoJ. For the dorsal images, three principal components (PCs) showed beak shape variation ranged from long, narrow, and pointed to short, wide, and blunt upper mandibles at both ages (6 weeks: 95.36%, 18.5 weeks: 92.21%). Three PCs showed the lateral upper mandible shape variation ranged from long, wide beaks with long, curved beak tips to short, narrow beaks with short, pointed beak tips at both ages (6 weeks: 94.91%, 18.5 weeks: 94.33%). Three PCs also explained 97.80% (6 weeks) and 97.11% (18.5 weeks) of the lateral lower mandible shape variation ranging from wide and round to narrow and thin lower mandibles with superior/inferior beak tip shifts. Beak size accounted for varying proportions of the beak shape variation (0.96–54.76%; P

Suggested Citation

  • Hillary A Dalton & Benjamin J Wood & Tina M Widowski & Michele T Guerin & Stephanie Torrey, 2017. "An analysis of beak shape variation in two ages of domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) using landmark-based geometric morphometrics," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(9), pages 1-25, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0185159
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185159
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    1. Alejandro Rico-Guevara & Marcelo Araya-Salas, 2015. "Editor's choice Bills as daggers? A test for sexually dimorphic weapons in a lekking hummingbird," Behavioral Ecology, International Society for Behavioral Ecology, vol. 26(1), pages 21-29.
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