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Year-round spatiotemporal distribution of harbour porpoises within and around the Maryland wind energy area

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  • Jessica E Wingfield
  • Michael O’Brien
  • Vyacheslav Lyubchich
  • Jason J Roberts
  • Patrick N Halpin
  • Aaron N Rice
  • Helen Bailey

Abstract

Offshore windfarms provide renewable energy, but activities during the construction phase can affect marine mammals. To understand how the construction of an offshore windfarm in the Maryland Wind Energy Area (WEA) off Maryland, USA, might impact harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), it is essential to determine their poorly understood year-round distribution. Although habitat-based models can help predict the occurrence of species in areas with limited or no sampling, they require validation to determine the accuracy of the predictions. Incorporating more than 18 months of harbour porpoise detection data from passive acoustic monitoring, generalized auto-regressive moving average and generalized additive models were used to investigate harbour porpoise occurrence within and around the Maryland WEA in relation to temporal and environmental variables. Acoustic detection metrics were compared to habitat-based density estimates derived from aerial and boat-based sightings to validate the model predictions. Harbour porpoises occurred significantly more frequently during January to May, and foraged significantly more often in the evenings to early mornings at sites within and outside the Maryland WEA. Harbour porpoise occurrence peaked at sea surface temperatures of 5°C and chlorophyll a concentrations of 4.5 to 7.4 mg m-3. The acoustic detections were significantly correlated with the predicted densities, except at the most inshore site. This study provides insight into previously unknown fine-scale spatial and temporal patterns in distribution of harbour porpoises offshore of Maryland. The results can be used to help inform future monitoring and mitigate the impacts of windfarm construction and other human activities.

Suggested Citation

  • Jessica E Wingfield & Michael O’Brien & Vyacheslav Lyubchich & Jason J Roberts & Patrick N Halpin & Aaron N Rice & Helen Bailey, 2017. "Year-round spatiotemporal distribution of harbour porpoises within and around the Maryland wind energy area," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(5), pages 1-18, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0176653
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176653
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    1. Benjamin M.A. & Rigby R.A. & Stasinopoulos D.M., 2003. "Generalized Autoregressive Moving Average Models," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 98, pages 214-223, January.
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    1. Ella R Rothermel & Matthew T Balazik & Jessica E Best & Matthew W Breece & Dewayne A Fox & Benjamin I Gahagan & Danielle E Haulsee & Amanda L Higgs & Michael H P O’Brien & Matthew J Oliver & Ian A Par, 2020. "Comparative migration ecology of striped bass and Atlantic sturgeon in the US Southern mid-Atlantic bight flyway," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(6), pages 1-24, June.

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