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Impact of Socioeconomic Inequality on Access, Adherence, and Outcomes of Antiretroviral Treatment Services for People Living with HIV/AIDS in Vietnam

Author

Listed:
  • Bach Xuan Tran
  • Jongnam Hwang
  • Long Hoang Nguyen
  • Anh Tuan Nguyen
  • Noah Reed Knowlton Latkin
  • Ngoc Kim Tran
  • Vu Thi Minh Thuc
  • Huong Lan Thi Nguyen
  • Huong Thu Thi Phan
  • Huong Thi Le
  • Tho Dinh Tran
  • Carl A Latkin

Abstract

Background: Ensuring an equal benefit across different patient groups is necessary while scaling up free-of-charge antiretroviral treatment (ART) services. This study aimed to measure the disparity in access, adherence, and outcomes of ART in Vietnam and the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) characteristics on the levels of inequality. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1133 PLWH in Vietnam. ART access, adherence, and treatment outcomes were self-reported using a structured questionnaire. Wealth-related inequality was calculated using a concentration index, and a decomposition analysis was used to determine the contribution of each SES variable to inequality in access, adherence, and outcomes of ART. Results: Based on SES, minor inequality was found in ART access and adherence while there was considerable inequality in ART outcomes. Poor people were more likely to start treatment early, while rich people had better adherence and overall treatment outcomes. Decomposition revealed that occupation and education played important roles in inequality in ART access, adherence, and treatment outcomes Conclusion: The findings suggested that health services should be integrated into the ART regimen. Furthermore, occupational orientation and training courses should be provided to reduce inequality in ART access, adherence, and treatment outcomes.

Suggested Citation

  • Bach Xuan Tran & Jongnam Hwang & Long Hoang Nguyen & Anh Tuan Nguyen & Noah Reed Knowlton Latkin & Ngoc Kim Tran & Vu Thi Minh Thuc & Huong Lan Thi Nguyen & Huong Thu Thi Phan & Huong Thi Le & Tho Din, 2016. "Impact of Socioeconomic Inequality on Access, Adherence, and Outcomes of Antiretroviral Treatment Services for People Living with HIV/AIDS in Vietnam," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(12), pages 1-13, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0168687
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168687
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wagstaff, Adam & Paci, Pierella & van Doorslaer, Eddy, 1991. "On the measurement of inequalities in health," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 545-557, January.
    2. Braveman, P.A. & Cubbin, C. & Egerter, S. & Williams, D.R. & Pamuk, E., 2010. "Socioeconomic disparities in health in the united States: What the patterns tell us," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 100(S1), pages 186-196.
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    Cited by:

    1. Bach Xuan Tran & Long Hoang Nguyen & Tung Thanh Tran & Carl A Latkin, 2018. "Social and structural barriers for adherence to methadone maintenance treatment among Vietnamese opioid dependence patients," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(1), pages 1-13, January.
    2. Giang Thu Vu & Bach Xuan Tran & Chi Linh Hoang & Brian J. Hall & Hai Thanh Phan & Giang Hai Ha & Carl A. Latkin & Cyrus S.H. Ho & Roger C.M. Ho, 2020. "Global Research on Quality of Life of Patients with HIV/AIDS: Is It Socio-Culturally Addressed? (GAP RESEARCH )," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-14, March.
    3. Thuc Thi Minh Vu & Thieu Van Le & Anh Kim Dang & Long Hoang Nguyen & Binh Cong Nguyen & Bach Xuan Tran & Carl A. Latkin & Cyrus S. H. Ho & Roger C. M. Ho, 2019. "Socioeconomic Vulnerability to Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-10, January.
    4. Bach Xuan Tran & Mercy Fleming & Tam Minh Thi Nguyen & Giang Thu Vu & Quan Hoang Vuong & Manh-Tung Ho & Nhue Van Dam & Thu-Trang Vuong & Ha Ngoc Do & Linh Phuong Doan & Carl Latkin & Cyrus SH Ho & Rog, 2019. "Changes in Substance Abuse and HIV Risk Behaviors over 12-Month Methadone Maintenance Treatment among Vietnamese Patients in Mountainous Provinces," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-12, July.

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