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A Morphospace for Reef Fishes: Elongation Is the Dominant Axis of Body Shape Evolution

Author

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  • Thomas Claverie
  • Peter C Wainwright

Abstract

Tropical reef fishes are widely regarded as being perhaps the most morphologically diverse vertebrate assemblage on earth, yet much remains to be discovered about the scope and patterns of this diversity. We created a morphospace of 2,939 species spanning 56 families of tropical Indo-Pacific reef fishes and established the primary axes of body shape variation, the phylogenetic consistency of these patterns, and whether dominant patterns of shape change can be accomplished by diverse underlying changes. Principal component analysis showed a major axis of shape variation that contrasts deep-bodied species with slender, elongate forms. Furthermore, using custom methods to compare the elongation vector (axis that maximizes elongation deformation) and the main vector of shape variation (first principal component) for each family in the morphospace, we showed that two thirds of the families diversify along an axis of body elongation. Finally, a comparative analysis using a principal coordinate analysis based on the angles among first principal component vectors of each family shape showed that families accomplish changes in elongation with a wide range of underlying modifications. Some groups such as Pomacentridae and Lethrinidae undergo decreases in body depth with proportional increases in all body regions, while other families show disproportionate changes in the length of the head (e.g., Labridae), the trunk or caudal region in all combinations (e.g., Pempheridae and Pinguipedidae). In conclusion, we found that evolutionary changes in body shape along an axis of elongation dominates diversification in reef fishes. Changes in shape on this axis are thought to have immediate implications for swimming performance, defense from gape limited predators, suction feeding performance and access to some highly specialized habitats. The morphological modifications that underlie changes in elongation are highly diverse, suggesting a role for a range of developmental processes and functional consequences.

Suggested Citation

  • Thomas Claverie & Peter C Wainwright, 2014. "A Morphospace for Reef Fishes: Elongation Is the Dominant Axis of Body Shape Evolution," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(11), pages 1-11, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0112732
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112732
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    Cited by:

    1. Hilary A Edgington & Douglas R Taylor, 2019. "Ecological contributions to body shape evolution in salamanders of the genus Eurycea (Plethodontidae)," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(5), pages 1-14, May.
    2. Alice E. Maher & Gustavo Burin & Philip G. Cox & Thomas W. Maddox & Susannah C. R. Maidment & Natalie Cooper & Emma R. Schachner & Karl T. Bates, 2022. "Body size, shape and ecology in tetrapods," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-16, December.
    3. Felipe O. Cerezer & Cristian S. Dambros & Marco T. P. Coelho & Fernanda A. S. Cassemiro & Elisa Barreto & James S. Albert & Rafael O. Wüest & Catherine H. Graham, 2023. "Accelerated body size evolution in upland environments is correlated with recent speciation in South American freshwater fishes," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-11, December.
    4. J Y Wong & K Y Karen Chan & Benny K K Chan, 2018. "Phylogenetic, ecological and biomechanical constraints on larval form: A comparative morphological analysis of barnacle nauplii," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(11), pages 1-16, November.

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