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The Crowded Sea: Incorporating Multiple Marine Activities in Conservation Plans Can Significantly Alter Spatial Priorities

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  • Tessa Mazor
  • Hugh P Possingham
  • Dori Edelist
  • Eran Brokovich
  • Salit Kark

Abstract

Successful implementation of marine conservation plans is largely inhibited by inadequate consideration of the broader social and economic context within which conservation operates. Marine waters and their biodiversity are shared by a host of stakeholders, such as commercial fishers, recreational users and offshore developers. Hence, to improve implementation success of conservation plans, we must incorporate other marine activities while explicitly examining trade-offs that may be required. In this study, we test how the inclusion of multiple marine activities can shape conservation plans. We used the entire Mediterranean territorial waters of Israel as a case study to compare four planning scenarios with increasing levels of complexity, where additional zones, threats and activities were added (e.g., commercial fisheries, hydrocarbon exploration interests, aquaculture, and shipping lanes). We applied the marine zoning decision support tool Marxan to each planning scenario and tested a) the ability of each scenario to reach biodiversity targets, b) the change in opportunity cost and c) the alteration of spatial conservation priorities. We found that by including increasing numbers of marine activities and zones in the planning process, greater compromises are required to reach conservation objectives. Complex plans with more activities incurred greater opportunity cost and did not reach biodiversity targets as easily as simplified plans with less marine activities. We discovered that including hydrocarbon data in the planning process significantly alters spatial priorities. For the territorial waters of Israel we found that in order to protect at least 10% of the range of 166 marine biodiversity features there would be a loss of ∼15% of annual commercial fishery revenue and ∼5% of prospective hydrocarbon revenue. This case study follows an illustrated framework for adopting a transparent systematic process to balance biodiversity goals and economic considerations within a country's territorial waters.

Suggested Citation

  • Tessa Mazor & Hugh P Possingham & Dori Edelist & Eran Brokovich & Salit Kark, 2014. "The Crowded Sea: Incorporating Multiple Marine Activities in Conservation Plans Can Significantly Alter Spatial Priorities," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(8), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0104489
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104489
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    2. Beyer, Hawthorne L. & Dujardin, Yann & Watts, Matthew E. & Possingham, Hugh P., 2016. "Solving conservation planning problems with integer linear programming," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 328(C), pages 14-22.
    3. Stella Sofia Kyvelou & Dimitrios Ierapetritis, 2019. "Discussing and Analyzing “Maritime Cohesion” in MSP, to Achieve Sustainability in the Marine Realm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-29, June.
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    5. Nurul ‘Izzah Mohd Nadzri & Aimi Nur Zafirah Mohd Aimi Zaini & Jilwah Syamila Mohd Nu'man & Mohd Haris Abdul Rani, 2025. "Maritime Boundary Disputes in Southeast Asia: Legal Frameworks, Resource Management and Environmental Impacts," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 9(1), pages 631-645, January.
    6. Griffin, Robert & Chaumont, Nicolas & Denu, Douglas & Guerry, Anne & Kim, Choong-Ki & Ruckelshaus, Mary, 2015. "Incorporating the visibility of coastal energy infrastructure into multi-criteria siting decisions," Marine Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 218-223.
    7. Peggy Schrobback & Sean Pascoe & Louisa Coglan, 2014. "Shape Up or Ship Out: Can We Enhance Productivity in Coastal Aquaculture to Compete with Other Uses?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(12), pages 1-25, December.
    8. Wenting Chen & Phoebe Koundouri & Osiel Gonzalez Davila & Claire Haggett & David Rudolph & Shiau-Yun Lu & Chia-Fa Chi & Jason Yu & Lars Golmen & Yung-Hsiang Ying, 2020. "Social acceptance and socioeconomic effects of Multi-Use Offshore Developments:Theory and Applications in MERMAID and TROPOS projects," DEOS Working Papers 2021, Athens University of Economics and Business.

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