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Social Relationships and Depression: Ten-Year Follow-Up from a Nationally Representative Study

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  • Alan R Teo
  • HwaJung Choi
  • Marcia Valenstein

Abstract

Background: Social network characteristics have long been associated with mental health, but their longitudinal impact on depression is less known. We determined whether quality of social relationships and social isolation predicts the development of depression. Methods: The sample consisted of a cohort of 4,642 American adults age 25–75 who completed surveys at baseline in 1995–1996 and at ten-year follow-up. Quality of relationships was assessed with non-overlapping scales of social support and social strain and a summary measure of relationship quality. Social isolation was measured by presence of a partner and reported frequency of social contact. The primary outcome was past year major depressive episode at ten-year follow-up. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted, adjusting for the presence of potential confounders. Results: Risk of depression was significantly greater among those with baseline social strain (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.47–2.70), lack of social support (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.37–2.35), and poor overall relationship quality (OR 2.60; 95% CI, 1.84–3.69). Those with the lowest overall quality of social relationships had more than double the risk of depression (14.0%; 95% CI, 12.0–16.0; p

Suggested Citation

  • Alan R Teo & HwaJung Choi & Marcia Valenstein, 2013. "Social Relationships and Depression: Ten-Year Follow-Up from a Nationally Representative Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(4), pages 1-8, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0062396
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062396
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Neal Krause & Karen S. Rook, 2003. "Negative Interaction in Late Life: Issues in the Stability and Generalizability of Conflict Across Relationships," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 58(2), pages 88-99.
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    1. Ben Y. F. Fong & Martin C. S. Wong & Vincent T. S. Law & Man Fung Lo & Tommy K. C. Ng & Hilary H. L. Yee & Tiffany C. H. Leung & Percy W. T. Ho, 2020. "Relationships between Physical and Social Behavioural Changes and the Mental Status of Homebound Residents in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-18, September.
    2. Hyun Jin Lee & Dong Kun Lee, 2019. "Do Sociodemographic Factors and Urban Green Space Affect Mental Health Outcomes Among the Urban Elderly Population?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-13, March.
    3. Seongryu Bae & Kenji Harada & Ippei Chiba & Keitaro Makino & Osamu Katayama & Sangyoon Lee & Yohei Shinkai & Hiroyuki Shimada, 2020. "A New Social Network Scale for Detecting Depressive Symptoms in Older Japanese Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-13, November.
    4. Doukyoung Chon & Jong Youn Moon & Jae-Hyun Kim, 2022. "Participating in Different Activities and Their Association with Mental Health Problems in the Working Disabled Population in Korea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-8, July.
    5. Sone, Toshimasa & Nakaya, Naoki & Sugawara, Yumi & Tomata, Yasutake & Watanabe, Takashi & Tsuji, Ichiro, 2016. "Longitudinal association between time-varying social isolation and psychological distress after the Great East Japan Earthquake," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 96-101.
    6. Min-Ah Lee, 2016. "Social relationships, depressive symptoms and suicidality in Korea: Examining mediating and moderating effects in men and women," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 62(1), pages 67-75, February.
    7. Fumi Takeda & Haruko Noguchi & Takafumi Monma & Nanako Tamiya, 2015. "How Possibly Do Leisure and Social Activities Impact Mental Health of Middle-Aged Adults in Japan?: An Evidence from a National Longitudinal Survey," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(10), pages 1-10, October.
    8. Evelina Landstedt & Per E. Gustafsson & Klara Johansson & Anne Hammarström, 2016. "Longitudinal associations between social relationships at age 30 and internalising symptoms at age 42: findings from the Northern Swedish Cohort," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 61(1), pages 75-81, January.
    9. Kárpáti, Daniel & Renneboog, Luc, 2021. "Corporate Financial Frictions and Employee Mental Health," Discussion Paper 2021-003, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
    10. Carmen Zürcher & Hannah Tough & Christine Fekete & for the SwiSCI Study Group, 2019. "Mental health in individuals with spinal cord injury: The role of socioeconomic conditions and social relationships," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(2), pages 1-20, February.
    11. Corey L. M. Keyes & Malik Muhammad Sohail & Nneka Jebose Molokwu & Heather Parnell & Cyrilla Amanya & Venkata Gopala Krishna Kaza & Yohannes Benyam Saddo & Vanroth Vann & Senti Tzudier & Rae Jean Proe, 2021. "How Would You Describe a Mentally Healthy Person? A Cross-Cultural Qualitative Study of Caregivers of Orphans and Separated Children," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 22(4), pages 1719-1743, April.
    12. Kyoung-bok Min & Hyun-Jin Kim & Hye-Jin Kim & Jin-young Min, 2017. "Parks and green areas and the risk for depression and suicidal indicators," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 62(6), pages 647-656, July.
    13. Yossi Levi-Belz & Shai Birnbaum, 2022. "Depression and Suicide Ideation among Suicide-Loss Survivors: A Six-Year Longitudinal Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-13, December.
    14. Lixia Ge & Chun Wei Yap & Reuben Ong & Bee Hoon Heng, 2017. "Social isolation, loneliness and their relationships with depressive symptoms: A population-based study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(8), pages 1-13, August.
    15. Ibrahim Alananzeh & Heidi Lord & Ritin Fernandez, 2021. "Social Support for Arab People with Chronic Conditions: A Scoping Review," Clinical Nursing Research, , vol. 30(4), pages 380-391, May.
    16. Anna Wendołowska & Małgorzata Steć & Dorota Czyżowska, 2022. "Supportive, Delegated, and Common Dyadic Coping Mediates the Association between Adult Attachment Representation and Relationship Satisfaction: A Dyadic Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-20, June.
    17. Evelina Landstedt & Per Gustafsson & Klara Johansson & Anne Hammarström, 2016. "Longitudinal associations between social relationships at age 30 and internalising symptoms at age 42: findings from the Northern Swedish Cohort," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 61(1), pages 75-81, January.
    18. Benjamin Kaveladze & Allison Diamond Altman & Meike Niederhausen & Jennifer M Loftis & Alan R Teo, 2022. "Social relationship quality, depression and inflammation: A cross-cultural longitudinal study in the United States and Tokyo, Japan," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 68(2), pages 253-263, March.
    19. Baek, Jiwon & Kim, Go-Un & Song, Kijun & Kim, Heejung, 2023. "Decreasing patterns of depression in living alone across middle-aged and older men and women using a longitudinal mixed-effects model," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 317(C).
    20. Hyun Jin Lee & Dong Kun Lee & Wonkyong Song, 2019. "Relationships between Social Capital, Social Capital Satisfaction, Self-Esteem, and Depression among Elderly Urban Residents: Analysis of Secondary Survey Data," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-13, April.

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