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Association between Smoking and Latent Tuberculosis in the U.S. Population: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

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  • David J Horne
  • Monica Campo
  • Justin R Ortiz
  • Eyal Oren
  • Matthew Arentz
  • Kristina Crothers
  • Masahiro Narita

Abstract

Background: Evidence of an association between cigarette smoking and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is based on studies in special populations and/or from high prevalence settings. We sought to evaluate the association between LTBI and smoking in a low prevalence TB setting using population-based data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: In 1999–2000, NHANES assessed LTBI (defined as a tuberculin skin test measurement ≥10 mm) in participants, and those ≥20 years of age were queried regarding their tobacco use and serum cotinine was measured. We evaluated the association of LTBI with self-reported smoking history and smoking intensity in multivariable logistic regression models that adjusted for known confounders (gender, age, birthplace, race/ethnicity, poverty, education, history of BCG vaccination, and history of household exposure to tuberculosis disease). Results: Estimated LTBI prevalence was 5.3% among those ≥20 years of age. The LTBI prevalence among never smokers, current smokers, and former smokers was 4.1%, 6.6%, and 6.2%, respectively. In a multivariable model, current smoking was associated with LTBI (OR 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1–2.9). The association between smoking and LTBI was strongest for Mexican-American and black individuals. In multivariate analysis stratified by race/ethnicity, cigarette packs per day among Mexican-American smokers and cotinine levels among black smokers, were significantly associated with LTBI. Conclusions: In the large, representative, population-based NHANES sample, smoking was independently associated with significantly increased risks of LTBI. In certain populations, a greater risk of LTBI corresponded with increased smoking exposure.

Suggested Citation

  • David J Horne & Monica Campo & Justin R Ortiz & Eyal Oren & Matthew Arentz & Kristina Crothers & Masahiro Narita, 2012. "Association between Smoking and Latent Tuberculosis in the U.S. Population: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(11), pages 1-6, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0049050
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049050
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    1. Shu‐Lan Tsai & Chun‐Liang Lai & Miao‐Ching Chi & Mei‐Yen Chen, 2016. "Cigarette smoking and health‐promoting behaviours among tuberculosis patients in rural areas," Journal of Clinical Nursing, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 25(17-18), pages 2511-2519, September.

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