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CSF-Biomarkers in Olympic Boxing: Diagnosis and Effects of Repetitive Head Trauma

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  • Sanna Neselius
  • Helena Brisby
  • Annette Theodorsson
  • Kaj Blennow
  • Henrik Zetterberg
  • Jan Marcusson

Abstract

Background: Sports-related head trauma is common but still there is no established laboratory test used in the diagnostics of minimal or mild traumatic brain injuries. Further the effects of recurrent head trauma on brain injury markers are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Olympic (amateur) boxing and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) brain injury biomarkers. Methods: The study was designed as a prospective cohort study. Thirty Olympic boxers with a minimum of 45 bouts and 25 non-boxing matched controls were included in the study. CSF samples were collected by lumbar puncture 1–6 days after a bout and after a rest period for at least 14 days. The controls were tested once. Biomarkers for acute and chronic brain injury were analysed. Results: NFL (mean ± SD, 532±553 vs 135±51 ng/L p = 0.001), GFAP (496±238 vs 247±147 ng/L p 80% of the boxers demonstrate that both the acute and the cumulative effect of head trauma in Olympic boxing may induce CSF biomarker changes that suggest minor central nervous injuries. The lack of normalization of NFL and GFAP after the rest period in a subgroup of boxers may indicate ongoing degeneration. The recurrent head trauma in boxing may be associated with increased risk of chronic traumatic brain injury.

Suggested Citation

  • Sanna Neselius & Helena Brisby & Annette Theodorsson & Kaj Blennow & Henrik Zetterberg & Jan Marcusson, 2012. "CSF-Biomarkers in Olympic Boxing: Diagnosis and Effects of Repetitive Head Trauma," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(4), pages 1-8, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0033606
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033606
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    Cited by:

    1. Alessandra Costanza & Michalina Radomska & Francesco Zenga & Andrea Amerio & Andrea Aguglia & Gianluca Serafini & Mario Amore & Isabella Berardelli & Yasutaka Ojio & Khoa D. Nguyen, 2021. "Severe Suicidality in Athletes with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Case Series and Overview on Putative Ethiopathogenetic Mechanisms," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-15, January.
    2. Michail Ntikas & Ferdinand Binkofski & N. Jon Shah & Magdalena Ietswaart, 2022. "Repeated Sub-Concussive Impacts and the Negative Effects of Contact Sports on Cognition and Brain Integrity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-15, June.
    3. Mattias Vågberg & Niklas Norgren & Ann Dring & Thomas Lindqvist & Richard Birgander & Henrik Zetterberg & Anders Svenningsson, 2015. "Levels and Age Dependency of Neurofilament Light and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Healthy Individuals and Their Relation to the Brain Parenchymal Fraction," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(8), pages 1-8, August.

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