The legal, ethical, and psychological aspects of self-determination and right to information access for people with visual impairment: a critical review

Self-determination is an inherent and indisputable legal entitlement that must be universally available to every individual, irrespective of their physical capabilities. In the case of people who are blind or have low vision, these rights are often challenged. Access to information is a major factor in facilitating choices that align with their goals, aspirations, and meaningful participation in society. This critical review examines the legal, ethical, and psychological dimensions of information access and self-determination for individuals with visual impairments. The legal framework for self-determination and the right to information is primarily shaped by international human rights treaties and domestic legislation. Notably, international conventions such as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) provide safeguards to ensure that individuals with visual impairment are afforded equal opportunities for societal engagement, including unrestricted access to information. However, implementing these laws remains challenging in many countries, particularly developing nations. This literature review highlights significant ethical implications of denying individuals with visual impairment access to information, leading to disempowerment and a lack of agency. Psychologically, self-determination and the right to information have been demonstrated as essential factors for the well-being of visually impaired individuals. Depression and anxiety are among the most prevalent mental health conditions in individuals with visual impairment. It has been shown that the inability to make choices that align with patients’ values and beliefs can negatively impact their mental health. A critical evaluation of the cultural and psychological barriers to information access can offer valuable insights into how international human rights treaties and domestic laws can be effectively implemented to safeguard the rights of individuals with visual impairments. The literature is scarce on preventive and early intervention strategies to mitigate mental health issues within this group, highlighting the need for further research.