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Abstract
The paper investigates selected aspects of the macroeconomic performance of countries that undertook upper credit tranche stand-by arrangements during 1971-80, in terms of changes in their balance of payments position, inflation, economic growth, savings, investment, and real consumption. The analysis uses both "short-run" (one-year) and "long-run" (three-year) comparison periods before and after the adoption of the program and also takes into account aggregative changes in the macroeconomic variables in question for all non-oil developing countries during corresponding time periods. The main empirical findings from the aggregative results are as follows: (i) program countries generally exhibited a significant balance of payments improvement in both absolute terms and relative to all non-oil developing countries; (ii) less progress was achieved in actually reducing inflation rates, but inflation tended to rise by less than it did in all non-oil developing countries; (iii) although there was some tendency for investment ratios to fall slightly, economic growth rates were not significantly altered on average, thereby implying some increase in the productivity of investment; (iv) while reductions in the current account deficit partly reflected a rise, on average, in the domestic savings rate, since real economic growth was relatively unaffected, the rate of real consumption growth remained positive (on average, about 4 per cent per annum). Thus, on the basis of these highly aggregative results, it appears that program countries succeeded in achieving a significant degree of external adjustment, while the associated costs (in terms of forgone output and real consumption) appear, on average, to have been less severe than has sometimes been suggested by participants in the discussion of Fund conditionality. /// pays en développement non pétroliers pendant les périodes correspondantes. Les principales conclusions empiriques que l'on peut tirer des résultats globaux sont exposées ci-dessous: i) en général, les pays qui ont appliqué un programme d'ajustement sont parvenus à améliorer sensiblement la position de leur balance des paiements, tant en termes absolus que par rapport à l'ensemble des pays en développement non pétroliers; ii) les pays ont obtenu des résultats plus modestes en ce qui concerne la réduction effective des taux d'inflation, mais ils ont généralement connu une inflation moins rapide que l'ensemble des pays en développement non pétroliers; iii) malgré une légère tendance à la baisse des taux d'investissement, le taux de croissance économique de ces pays est resté en moyenne relativement stationnaire, ce qui suppose un léger accroissement de la productivité de l'investissement; iv) certes, la diminution du déficit des opérations courantes reflétait, en partie, une hausse du niveau moyen de l'épargne intérieure. Mais, comme la croissance économique réelle n'avait guère subi de changements, le taux de croissance de la consommation réelle est resté positif (près de 4% par an en moyenne). Il ressort de résultats globaux que les pays concernés par les programmes ont accompli des progrès considérables en matière d'ajustement extérieur, et que les coûts y afférents (pertes au niveau de la production et de la consommation réelle) ont été, en moyenne, moins élevés que ne le croyaient certains participants aux discussions sur la conditionnalité de l'aide accordée par le Fonds. /// En este estudio se investigan ciertos aspectos de los resultados macroeconómicos obtenidos por los paÃses con acuerdos de derecho de giro en los tramos superiores de crédito durante el perÃodo 1971-80, en lo que se refiere a variaciones de la posición de balanza de pagos, inflación, crecimiento económico, ahorro, inversión y consumo real. En el análisis se comparan perÃodos "a corto plazo" (un año) y "a largo plazo" (tres años) antes y después de la adopción del programa, teniéndose también en cuenta la variación acumulativa de las mismas variables macroeconómicas para el conjunto de paÃses en desarrollo no petroleros durante esos mismos perÃodos. Las principales conclusiones empÃricas derivadas de los resultados globales son las siguientes: i) la balanza de pagos de los paÃses que emprendieron pro- gramas presentó generalmente una mejora significativa en términos absolutos y en relación con todos los paÃses en desarrollo no petroleros; ii) se logró menor progreso en cuanto a reducir las tasas de inflación, pero la inflación tendió a aumentar menos que en todos los paÃses en desarrollo no petroleros; iii) aunque la razón inversión/PNB tendió más bien a bajar las tasas de crecimiento económico no variaron en promedio significativamente, lo cual supone cierto incremento de la productividad de la inversión; iv) aunque la reducción del déficit en balanza corriente reflejó en parte un aumento, en promedio, de la tasa de ahorro interno, como el crecimiento económico real no se vio relativamente afectado, la tasa de aumento del consumo real continuó siendo positiva (en promedio, alrededor del 4 por ciento por año). En consecuencia, sobre la base de estos resultados, de carácter muy agregado, cabe suponer que los paÃses que emprendieron programas consiguieron un grado significativo de ajuste externo, y que el costo conexo (en términos de producto y de consumo real a los que se renuncia) no parece haber sido, en promedio, tan gravoso como se ha insinuado a veces al examinarse en diversos foros la condicionalidad de los recursos del Fondo.
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Cited by:
- Dreher, Axel, 2006.
"IMF and economic growth: The effects of programs, loans, and compliance with conditionality,"
World Development, Elsevier, vol. 34(5), pages 769-788, May.
- Axel Dreher, 2004.
"IMF and Economic Growth: The Effects of Programs, Loans, and Compliance with Conditionality,"
International Finance
0404004, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 13 Aug 2005.
- Axel Dreher, 2004.
"IMF and Economic Growth: The Effects of Programs, Loans, and Compliance with Conditionality,"
TWI Research Paper Series
1, Thurgauer Wirtschaftsinstitut, Universität Konstanz.
- Dreher, Axel, 2005.
"IMF and Economic Growth: The Effects of Programs, Loans, and Compliance with Conditionality,"
Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Kiel 2005
11, Verein für Socialpolitik, Research Committee Development Economics.
- Corbo, Vittorio & Fischer, Stanley, 1995.
"Structural adjustment, stabilization and policy reform: Domestic and international finance,"
Handbook of Development Economics, in: Hollis Chenery & T.N. Srinivasan (ed.), Handbook of Development Economics, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 44, pages 2845-2924,
Elsevier.
- Zaki, Mokhlis Y., 2001.
"IMF-Supported Stabilization Programs and their Critics: Evidence from the Recent Experience of Egypt,"
World Development, Elsevier, vol. 29(11), pages 1867-1883, November.
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