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Indices of Effective Exchange Rates (Indices de taux de change effectifs) (Indices de tipos de cambio efectivos)

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  • Rudolf R. Rhomberg

    (International Monetary Fund)

Abstract

Seven indices of the effective exchange rate are calculated using the same set of exchange rates, the same base date, the same trade data for calculating weights, and the same sample of 15 countries. An index of the effective rate intended for use in connection with estimating or analyzing exchange rate effects on the trade balance must use as weights some estimates, however imperfect, of the relative influence of changes in the prices of various foreign currencies on the trade balance of the home country. The index that uses weights calculated from the Fund's multilateral exchange rate model (MERM), in contrast to trade-weighted indices, is so constructed and is, therefore, preferable for analyzing effects of exchange rate movements on the trade balance. Indices that use as weights exchange rate effects on the current account balance, or some other balance of payments measure, would be useful for making a more comprehensive analysis of countries' policies on external balance and domestic stability, but unfortunately the corresponding models have not yet been developed. In their absence, the MERM-weighted index recommends itself for these analytical purposes as well. Sometimes averages of various trade-weighted indices (such as an average of indices using bilateral imports and bilateral exports as weights, or an average of these and an index based on global export weights) are used as approximations of a general analytical measure of the effective exchange rate. Although this procedure is generally inadvisable, in some instances the discrepancies between the various indices may not be large. /// Sept indices de taux de change effectifs ont été calculés à partir des mêmes taux de change, de la même date de référence, des mêmes statistiques du commerce extérieur pour établir la pondération, et du même échantillon de pays. La construction d'un indice de taux de change effectif pouvant servir à estimer ou à analyser les effets du taux de change sur la balance commerciale doit comporter, pour la pondération, certaines estimations -- quelque imparfaites qu'elles soient -- de l'influence relative des variations des cours de diverses monnaies étrangères sur la balance commerciale du pays considéré. L'indice qui comporte des pondérations établies d'après le modèle de taux de change multilatéral du Fonds (MTCM), contrairement aux indices pondérés d'après le commerce, est construit de cette manière et est donc préférable pour l'analyse des effets des variations du taux de change sur la balance commerciale. Des indices pondérés d'après les effets du taux de change sur le solde du compte courant, ou sur un autre agrégat de la balance des paiements, seraient utiles pour effectuer une analyse plus poussée de la politique suivie par les pays en matière de balance des paiements et de stabilité intérieure, mais malheureusement les modèles correspondants n'ont pas encore été mis au point. En leur absence, l'indice pondéré d'après le MTCM se prête également à ces besoins d'analyse. Quelquefois, des moyennes de divers indices pondérés d'après le commerce (telles qu'une moyenne d'indices pondérés d'après les importations bilatérales et les exportations bilatérales, ou la moyenne de ces indices et d'un indice pondéré d'après les exportations globales) servent d'approximations pour mesurer d'une manière analytique générale le taux de change effectif. Bien que cette méthode ne soit pas, en général, à conseiller, dans certains cas il se peut que les différences entre les divers indices ne soient pas importantes. /// Se calculan siete índices de tipos de cambio efectivos utilizando el mismo conjunto de tipos de cambio, la misma fecha de base, los mismos datos de comercio exterior para calcular ponderaciones así como la misma muestra de países. Un índice de tipos de cambio efectivos destinado a ser usado en relación con la estimación o análisis de los efectos de los tipos de cambio en la balanza comercial debe utilizar como ponderaciones algunas estimaciones, por imperfectas que sean, de la influencia relativa de las variaciones en los precios de varias monedas extranjeras sobre la balanza comercial del país de que se trate. El índice que utiliza ponderaciones calculadas a partir del modelo multilateral de tipos de cambio (MMTC), al revés de lo que pasa con los índices ponderados por el comercio, está construido de dicha manera y es, por tanto, preferible a efectos de analizar los movimientos del tipo de cambio sobre la balanza comercial. Los índices que utilizan como ponderaciones los efectos del tipo de cambio en la balanza de cuenta corriente y otras medida de balanza de pagos serían útiles para proceder a un análisis más general de las políticas nacionales en la balanza externa y estabilidad doméstica pero, por desgracia, no se han elaborado aún los modelos correspondientes. En su auscenia, el índice ponderado por el MMTC se recomienda para estos efectos analíticos también. A veces se utilizan promedios de varios índices ponderados por el comercio (como el promedio de los índices que utilizan como ponderaciones las exportaciones e importaciones bilaterales o un promedio de éstas y un índice basado en las ponderaciones de exportaciones globales) como aproximaciones de un criterio general analítico del tipo de cambio efectivo. Aunque en general este procedimiento no es aconsejable, puede, ocurrir que en algunos casos no sean grandes las discrepancias entre los diversos índices.

Suggested Citation

  • Rudolf R. Rhomberg, 1976. "Indices of Effective Exchange Rates (Indices de taux de change effectifs) (Indices de tipos de cambio efectivos)," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 23(1), pages 88-112, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:pal:imfstp:v:23:y:1976:i:1:p:88-112
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    Cited by:

    1. Fiodendji, Komlan, 2001. "Le Taux de Change Réel et les Performances macroéconomiques: Une Application à Trois Pays de l’UEMOA [Real Exchange Rate and Macroeconomic Performances: Evidence from three countries of WAEMU]," MPRA Paper 27480, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Hans-Jürg Büttler, 1985. "Real Effective Exchange Rates of Imports, Exports, and Trade Balance," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES), Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 121(IV), pages 375-390, December.
    3. Stoeckel, Andrew B., 1979. "Some General Equilibrium Effects Of Mining Growth On The Economy," Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 23(1), pages 1-22, April.
    4. J. Peter Neary, 2006. "Measuring Competitiveness," The Economic and Social Review, Economic and Social Studies, vol. 37(2), pages 197-213.
    5. Duijm, Bernhard, 1991. "Der effektive Wechselkurs einer Währung: Dargestellt am Beispiel der DM," Tübinger Diskussionsbeiträge 13, University of Tübingen, School of Business and Economics.
    6. Jürg Niehans, 1983. "Zur Aussagekraft effektiver Realkurse," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES), Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 119(III), pages 393-397, September.
    7. Kenneth Bernauer, 1981. "Effectiveness of exchange-rate changes on the trade account: the Japanese case," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, issue Fall, pages 55-71.

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