Academia-industry-government relations in biotechnology: private, professional and public dimensions of the new associations

New associations have been established in biotechnology within the last 10–15 years in a process influenced by industry, academic institutions and government agencies. Different models and strategies have been applied across Europe, and the part played by industry, academia and government varies significantly. Although national arrangements have been sustained, a common feature is that interests outside industry were more important in the formative stage than in the later stages where membership was increasingly drawn from industry alone. To understand the dynamics behind these developments, inspiration must be sought beyond the framework of neo-corporatism and network studies. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.