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Design-based identification with formula instruments: a review

Author

Listed:
  • Kirill Borusyak
  • Peter Hull
  • Xavier Jaravel

Abstract

SummaryMany studies in economics use instruments or treatments that combine a set of exogenous shocks with other predetermined variables via a known formula. Examples include shift-share instruments and measures of social or spatial spillovers. We review recent econometric tools for this setting, which leverage the assignment process of the exogenous shocks and the structure of the formula for identification. We compare this design-based approach with conventional estimation strategies based on conditional unconfoundedness, and contrast it with alternative strategies that leverage a model for unobservables.

Suggested Citation

  • Kirill Borusyak & Peter Hull & Xavier Jaravel, 2025. "Design-based identification with formula instruments: a review," The Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 28(1), pages 83-108.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:emjrnl:v:28:y:2025:i:1:p:83-108.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/ectj/utae003
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