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Distances and inference for covariance operators

Author

Listed:
  • Davide Pigoli
  • John A. D. Aston
  • Ian L. Dryden
  • Piercesare Secchi

Abstract

A framework is developed for inference concerning the covariance operator of a functional random process, where the covariance operator itself is an object of interest for statistical analysis. Distances for comparing positive-definite covariance matrices are either extended or shown to be inapplicable to functional data. In particular, an infinite-dimensional analogue of the Procrustes size-and-shape distance is developed. Convergence of finite-dimensional approximations to the infinite-dimensional distance metrics is also shown. For inference, a Fréchet estimator of both the covariance operator itself and the average covariance operator is introduced. A permutation procedure to test the equality of the covariance operators between two groups is also considered. Additionally, the use of such distances for extrapolation to make predictions is explored. As an example of the proposed methodology, the use of covariance operators has been suggested in a philological study of cross-linguistic dependence as a way to incorporate quantitative phonetic information. It is shown that distances between languages derived from phonetic covariance functions can provide insight into the relationships between the Romance languages.

Suggested Citation

  • Davide Pigoli & John A. D. Aston & Ian L. Dryden & Piercesare Secchi, 2014. "Distances and inference for covariance operators," Biometrika, Biometrika Trust, vol. 101(2), pages 409-422.
  • Handle: RePEc:oup:biomet:v:101:y:2014:i:2:p:409-422.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/biomet/asu008
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    Cited by:

    1. Davide Pigoli & Pantelis Z. Hadjipantelis & John S. Coleman & John A. D. Aston, 2018. "The statistical analysis of acoustic phonetic data: exploring differences between spoken Romance languages," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 67(5), pages 1103-1145, November.
    2. Boente, Graciela & Rodriguez, Daniela & Sued, Mariela, 2019. "The spatial sign covariance operator: Asymptotic results and applications," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 115-128.
    3. Leucht, Anne & Paparoditis, Efstathios & Rademacher, Daniel & Sapatinas, Theofanis, 2022. "Testing equality of spectral density operators for functional processes," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    4. Graciela Boente & Daniela Rodriguez & Mariela Sued, 2018. "Testing equality between several populations covariance operators," Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Springer;The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, vol. 70(4), pages 919-950, August.
    5. Hlávka, Zdeněk & Hlubinka, Daniel & Koňasová, Kateřina, 2022. "Functional ANOVA based on empirical characteristic functionals," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    6. Higgins, P. & Li, K. & Devlin, J. & Foley, A.M., 2015. "The significance of interconnector counter-trading in a security constrained electricity market," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 110-124.
    7. Kraus, David, 2019. "Inferential procedures for partially observed functional data," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 583-603.
    8. Lovato, Ilenia & Pini, Alessia & Stamm, Aymeric & Vantini, Simone, 2020. "Model-free two-sample test for network-valued data," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    9. Jia Guo & Bu Zhou & Jianwei Chen & Jin-Ting Zhang, 2019. "An $${{\varvec{L}}}^{2}$$L2-norm-based test for equality of several covariance functions: a further study," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 28(4), pages 1092-1112, December.
    10. Hà Quang Minh, 2023. "Entropic Regularization of Wasserstein Distance Between Infinite-Dimensional Gaussian Measures and Gaussian Processes," Journal of Theoretical Probability, Springer, vol. 36(1), pages 201-296, March.
    11. Holger Dette & Kevin Kokot, 2022. "Detecting relevant differences in the covariance operators of functional time series: a sup-norm approach," Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Springer;The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, vol. 74(2), pages 195-231, April.
    12. Ghiglietti, Andrea & Paganoni, Anna Maria, 2017. "Exact tests for the means of Gaussian stochastic processes," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 102-107.
    13. Chau, Van Vinh & Ombao, Hernando & von Sachs, Rainer, 2017. "Data depth and rank-based tests for covariance and spectral density matrices," LIDAM Discussion Papers ISBA 2017019, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Statistics, Biostatistics and Actuarial Sciences (ISBA).
    14. Valentina Masarotto & Victor M. Panaretos & Yoav Zemel, 2019. "Procrustes Metrics on Covariance Operators and Optimal Transportation of Gaussian Processes," Sankhya A: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Springer;Indian Statistical Institute, vol. 81(1), pages 172-213, February.
    15. Adam B. Kashlak & John A. D. Aston & Richard Nickl, 2019. "Inference on Covariance Operators via Concentration Inequalities: k-sample Tests, Classification, and Clustering via Rademacher Complexities," Sankhya A: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Springer;Indian Statistical Institute, vol. 81(1), pages 214-243, February.
    16. Dimitrios Pilavakis & Efstathios Paparoditis & Theofanis Sapatinas, 2020. "Testing equality of autocovariance operators for functional time series," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(4), pages 571-589, July.
    17. Qiu, Zhiping & Fan, Jiangyuan & Zhang, Jin-Ting & Chen, Jianwei, 2024. "Tests for equality of several covariance matrix functions for multivariate functional data," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    18. Pigoli, Davide & Menafoglio, Alessandra & Secchi, Piercesare, 2016. "Kriging prediction for manifold-valued random fields," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 117-131.

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