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Defining and Measuring Entrepreneurship

Author

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  • Iversen, Jens
  • Jørgensen, Rasmus
  • Malchow-Møller, Nikolaj

Abstract

Although entrepreneurship has become a buzzword in the public debate, a coherent definition of entrepreneurship has not yet emerged. In this paper, we review and compare the most common theoretical definitions of entrepreneurship in economics and discuss their connection to the various empirical measures in use. We argue that entrepreneurship is best considered a multifaceted concept, and that the different empirical measures reflect different aspects of entrepreneurship. The relevance of this exercise is illustrated by the fact that in a cross-country comparison of entrepreneurship, we find that the relative ranking of countries depends crucially on the indicator used.

Suggested Citation

  • Iversen, Jens & Jørgensen, Rasmus & Malchow-Møller, Nikolaj, 2007. "Defining and Measuring Entrepreneurship," Foundations and Trends(R) in Entrepreneurship, now publishers, vol. 4(1), pages 1-63, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:now:fntent:0300000020
    DOI: 10.1561/0300000020
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    Cited by:

    1. Maribel Guerrero & Jorge Espinoza-Benavides, 2021. "Does entrepreneurship ecosystem influence business re-entries after failure?," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 211-227, March.
    2. Oyolola, Feyisayo & Otonne, Adewumi, 2020. "Entrepreneurship, Human Capacity Development and Youth Employment Generation: A Study of Selected Sub-Saharan Africa Countries," MPRA Paper 101737, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Dvouletý, Ondřej, 2018. "How to analyse determinants of entrepreneurship and self-employment at the country level? A methodological contribution," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 9(C), pages 92-99.
    4. Ondřej Dvouletý & Alisa Gordievskaya & David Anthony Procházka, 2018. "Investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and regional development: case of developing countries," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 8(1), pages 1-9, December.
    5. Oyolola, Feyisayo & Otonne, Adewumi, 2020. "Entrepreneurship, Capacity Development and Youth Employment Generation: A Study of Selected Sub-Saharan Africa Countries," MPRA Paper 99156, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Daniel Badulescu, 2014. "The Entrepreneurial Way: Calling, Chance Or Opportunity. An Essay," Annals of Faculty of Economics, University of Oradea, Faculty of Economics, vol. 1(1), pages 243-251, July.
    7. Congregado, Emilio & Fossen, Frank M. & Rubino, Nicola & Troncoso, David, 2024. "Long-Term Effects of Shocks on New Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurship," IZA Discussion Papers 16930, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    8. Maribel Guerrero & Francisco Liñán & F. Rafael Cáceres-Carrasco, 2021. "The influence of ecosystems on the entrepreneurship process: a comparison across developed and developing economies," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 57(4), pages 1733-1759, December.
    9. Yury Dranev & Alisa Izosimova & Dirk Meissner, 2020. "Organizational Ambidexterity and Performance: Assessment Approaches and Empirical Evidence," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 11(2), pages 676-691, June.

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