Author
Listed:
- Yang Liu
(University of Science and Technology of China
University of Science and Technology of China)
- Qi Zhao
(Tsinghua University)
- Ming-Han Li
(University of Science and Technology of China
University of Science and Technology of China)
- Jian-Yu Guan
(University of Science and Technology of China
University of Science and Technology of China)
- Yanbao Zhang
(NTT Basic Research Laboratories and NTT Research Center for Theoretical Quantum Physics, NTT Corporation)
- Bing Bai
(University of Science and Technology of China
University of Science and Technology of China)
- Weijun Zhang
(Chinese Academy of Sciences)
- Wen-Zhao Liu
(University of Science and Technology of China
University of Science and Technology of China)
- Cheng Wu
(University of Science and Technology of China
University of Science and Technology of China)
- Xiao Yuan
(University of Science and Technology of China
University of Science and Technology of China
Tsinghua University)
- Hao Li
(Chinese Academy of Sciences)
- W. J. Munro
(NTT Basic Research Laboratories and NTT Research Center for Theoretical Quantum Physics, NTT Corporation)
- Zhen Wang
(Chinese Academy of Sciences)
- Lixing You
(Chinese Academy of Sciences)
- Jun Zhang
(University of Science and Technology of China
University of Science and Technology of China)
- Xiongfeng Ma
(Tsinghua University)
- Jingyun Fan
(University of Science and Technology of China
University of Science and Technology of China)
- Qiang Zhang
(University of Science and Technology of China
University of Science and Technology of China)
- Jian-Wei Pan
(University of Science and Technology of China
University of Science and Technology of China)
Abstract
Randomness is important for many information processing applications, including numerical modelling and cryptography1,2. Device-independent quantum random-number generation (DIQRNG)3,4 based on the loophole-free violation of a Bell inequality produces genuine, unpredictable randomness without requiring any assumptions about the inner workings of the devices, and is therefore an ultimate goal in the field of quantum information science5–7. Previously reported experimental demonstrations of DIQRNG8,9 were not provably secure against the most general adversaries or did not close the ‘locality’ loophole of the Bell test. Here we present DIQRNG that is secure against quantum and classical adversaries10–12. We use state-of-the-art quantum optical technology to create, modulate and detect entangled photon pairs, achieving an efficiency of more than 78 per cent from creation to detection at a distance of about 200 metres that greatly exceeds the threshold for closing the ‘detection’ loophole of the Bell test. By independently and randomly choosing the base settings for measuring the entangled photon pairs and by ensuring space-like separation between the measurement events, we also satisfy the no-signalling condition and close the ‘locality’ loophole of the Bell test, thus enabling the realization of the loophole-free violation of a Bell inequality. This, along with a high-voltage, high-repetition-rate Pockels cell modulation set-up, allows us to accumulate sufficient data in the experimental time to extract genuine quantum randomness that is secure against the most general adversaries. By applying a large (137.90 gigabits × 62.469 megabits) Toeplitz-matrix hashing technique, we obtain 6.2469 × 107 quantum-certified random bits in 96 hours with a total failure probability (of producing a random number that is not guaranteed to be perfectly secure) of less than 10−5. Our demonstration is a crucial step towards transforming DIQRNG from a concept to a key aspect of practical applications that require high levels of security and thus genuine randomness7. Our work may also help to improve our understanding of the origin of randomness from a fundamental perspective.
Suggested Citation
Yang Liu & Qi Zhao & Ming-Han Li & Jian-Yu Guan & Yanbao Zhang & Bing Bai & Weijun Zhang & Wen-Zhao Liu & Cheng Wu & Xiao Yuan & Hao Li & W. J. Munro & Zhen Wang & Lixing You & Jun Zhang & Xiongfeng M, 2018.
"Device-independent quantum random-number generation,"
Nature, Nature, vol. 562(7728), pages 548-551, October.
Handle:
RePEc:nat:nature:v:562:y:2018:i:7728:d:10.1038_s41586-018-0559-3
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0559-3
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Citations
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Cited by:
- Li, Runze & Li, Dandan & Huang, Wei & Xu, Bingjie & Gao, Fei, 2023.
"Tight bound on tilted CHSH inequality with measurement dependence,"
Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 626(C).
- Liheng Bian & Xuyang Chang & Shaowei Jiang & Liming Yang & Xinrui Zhan & Shicong Liu & Daoyu Li & Rong Yan & Zhen Gao & Jun Zhang, 2024.
"Large-scale scattering-augmented optical encryption,"
Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-12, December.
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