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Temporal and spatial analysis of the 2014–2015 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa
Author
- Miles W. Carroll
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
University of Southampton, South General Hospital) - David A. Matthews
(School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol)
- Julian A. Hiscox
(Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool)
- Michael J. Elmore
(Public Health England)
- Georgios Pollakis
(Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool)
- Andrew Rambaut
(Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health
Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh) - Roger Hewson
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) - Isabel García-Dorival
(Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool)
- Joseph Akoi Bore
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée
Institut National de Santé Publique) - Raymond Koundouno
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée
Institut National de Santé Publique) - Saïd Abdellati
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Tropical Medicine) - Babak Afrough
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - John Aiyepada
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital) - Patience Akhilomen
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital) - Danny Asogun
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital) - Barry Atkinson
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Marlis Badusche
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)) - Amadou Bah
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel) - Simon Bate
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Jan Baumann
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Dirk Becker
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg) - Beate Becker-Ziaja
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)) - Anne Bocquin
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm) - Benny Borremans
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
University of Antwerp) - Andrew Bosworth
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool) - Jan Peter Boettcher
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Angela Cannas
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani) - Fabrizio Carletti
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani) - Concetta Castilletti
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani) - Simon Clark
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Francesca Colavita
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani) - Sandra Diederich
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health) - Adomeh Donatus
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital) - Sophie Duraffour
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
KU Leuven Rega institute) - Deborah Ehichioya
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
Redeemer’s University) - Heinz Ellerbrok
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Maria Dolores Fernandez-Garcia
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III) - Alexandra Fizet
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur) - Erna Fleischmann
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology) - Sophie Gryseels
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
University of Antwerp) - Antje Hermelink
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Julia Hinzmann
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Ute Hopf-Guevara
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Yemisi Ighodalo
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital) - Lisa Jameson
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Anne Kelterbaum
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg) - Zoltan Kis
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Center for Epidemiology, National Biosafety Laboratory) - Stefan Kloth
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Claudia Kohl
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Miša Korva
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana) - Annette Kraus
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Public Health Agency of Sweden) - Eeva Kuisma
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Andreas Kurth
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Britta Liedigk
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)) - Christopher H. Logue
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Anja Lüdtke
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology) - Piet Maes
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
KU Leuven Rega institute) - James McCowen
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Stéphane Mély
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm) - Marc Mertens
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health) - Silvia Meschi
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani) - Benjamin Meyer
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Institute of Virology, University of Bonn) - Janine Michel
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Peter Molkenthin
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology) - César Muñoz-Fontela
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology) - Doreen Muth
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Institute of Virology, University of Bonn) - Edmund N. C. Newman
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Didier Ngabo
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Lisa Oestereich
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)) - Jennifer Okosun
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital) - Thomas Olokor
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital) - Racheal Omiunu
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital) - Emmanuel Omomoh
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital) - Elisa Pallasch
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)) - Bernadett Pályi
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Center for Epidemiology, National Biosafety Laboratory) - Jasmine Portmann
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory) - Thomas Pottage
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Catherine Pratt
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Simone Priesnitz
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bundeswehr Hospital) - Serena Quartu
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani) - Julie Rappe
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Virology and Immunology) - Johanna Repits
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Janssen-Cilag) - Martin Richter
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Martin Rudolf
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)) - Andreas Sachse
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Kristina Maria Schmidt
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Gordian Schudt
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg) - Thomas Strecker
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg) - Ruth Thom
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Stephen Thomas
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Ekaete Tobin
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital) - Howard Tolley
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Jochen Trautner
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Thünen Institute) - Tine Vermoesen
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Tropical Medicine) - Inês Vitoriano
(Public Health England
The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine) - Matthias Wagner
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology) - Svenja Wolff
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg) - Constanze Yue
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani) - Birte Kretschmer
(Eurice - European Research and Project Office GmbH)
- Yper Hall
(Public Health England)
- John G. Kenny
(Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool)
- Natasha Y. Rickett
(Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool)
- Gytis Dudas
(Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh)
- Cordelia E. M. Coltart
(University College London)
- Romy Kerber
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)) - Damien Steer
(Research IT, University of Bristol)
- Callum Wright
(Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol)
- Francis Senyah
(Public Health England)
- Sakoba Keita
(Ministry of Health Guinea)
- Patrick Drury
(World Health Organization)
- Boubacar Diallo
(World Health Organization)
- Hilde de Clerck
(Médecins Sans Frontières)
- Michel Van Herp
(Médecins Sans Frontières)
- Armand Sprecher
(Médecins Sans Frontières)
- Alexis Traore
(Section Prévention et Lutte contre la Maladie à la Direction Préfectorale de la Santé de Guéckédou)
- Mandiou Diakite
(Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, CHU Donka)
- Mandy Kader Konde
(Health and Sustainable Development Foundation)
- Lamine Koivogui
(Institut National de Santé Publique)
- N’Faly Magassouba
(Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée)
- Tatjana Avšič-Županc
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana) - Andreas Nitsche
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Robert Koch Institute) - Marc Strasser
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory) - Giuseppe Ippolito
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani) - Stephan Becker
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg) - Kilian Stoecker
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology) - Martin Gabriel
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)) - Hervé Raoul
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm) - Antonino Di Caro
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani) - Roman Wölfel
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology) - Pierre Formenty
(World Health Organization)
- Stephan Günther
(The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF))
Abstract
Suggested Citation
DOI: 10.1038/nature14594
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Cited by:
- S. A. Riesle-Sbarbaro & G. Wibbelt & A. Düx & V. Kouakou & M. Bokelmann & K. Hansen-Kant & N. Kirchoff & M. Laue & N. Kromarek & A. Lander & U. Vogel & A. Wahlbrink & D. M. Wozniak & D. P. Scott & J. , 2024. "Selective replication and vertical transmission of Ebola virus in experimentally infected Angolan free-tailed bats," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-15, December.
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