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Temporal and spatial analysis of the 2014–2015 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa

Author

Listed:
  • Miles W. Carroll

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    University of Southampton, South General Hospital)

  • David A. Matthews

    (School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol)

  • Julian A. Hiscox

    (Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool)

  • Michael J. Elmore

    (Public Health England)

  • Georgios Pollakis

    (Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool)

  • Andrew Rambaut

    (Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh
    Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health
    Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh)

  • Roger Hewson

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)

  • Isabel García-Dorival

    (Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool)

  • Joseph Akoi Bore

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée
    Institut National de Santé Publique)

  • Raymond Koundouno

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée
    Institut National de Santé Publique)

  • Saïd Abdellati

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Tropical Medicine)

  • Babak Afrough

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • John Aiyepada

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital)

  • Patience Akhilomen

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital)

  • Danny Asogun

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital)

  • Barry Atkinson

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Marlis Badusche

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF))

  • Amadou Bah

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel)

  • Simon Bate

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Jan Baumann

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Dirk Becker

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg)

  • Beate Becker-Ziaja

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF))

  • Anne Bocquin

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
    Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm)

  • Benny Borremans

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    University of Antwerp)

  • Andrew Bosworth

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool)

  • Jan Peter Boettcher

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Angela Cannas

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani)

  • Fabrizio Carletti

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani)

  • Concetta Castilletti

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani)

  • Simon Clark

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Francesca Colavita

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani)

  • Sandra Diederich

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health)

  • Adomeh Donatus

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital)

  • Sophie Duraffour

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
    KU Leuven Rega institute)

  • Deborah Ehichioya

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Redeemer’s University)

  • Heinz Ellerbrok

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Maria Dolores Fernandez-Garcia

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III)

  • Alexandra Fizet

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
    Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur)

  • Erna Fleischmann

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology)

  • Sophie Gryseels

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    University of Antwerp)

  • Antje Hermelink

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Julia Hinzmann

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Ute Hopf-Guevara

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Yemisi Ighodalo

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital)

  • Lisa Jameson

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Anne Kelterbaum

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg)

  • Zoltan Kis

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Center for Epidemiology, National Biosafety Laboratory)

  • Stefan Kloth

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Claudia Kohl

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Miša Korva

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana)

  • Annette Kraus

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Public Health Agency of Sweden)

  • Eeva Kuisma

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Andreas Kurth

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Britta Liedigk

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF))

  • Christopher H. Logue

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Anja Lüdtke

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology)

  • Piet Maes

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    KU Leuven Rega institute)

  • James McCowen

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Stéphane Mély

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
    Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm)

  • Marc Mertens

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health)

  • Silvia Meschi

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani)

  • Benjamin Meyer

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Institute of Virology, University of Bonn)

  • Janine Michel

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Peter Molkenthin

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology)

  • César Muñoz-Fontela

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology)

  • Doreen Muth

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Institute of Virology, University of Bonn)

  • Edmund N. C. Newman

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Didier Ngabo

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Lisa Oestereich

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF))

  • Jennifer Okosun

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital)

  • Thomas Olokor

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital)

  • Racheal Omiunu

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital)

  • Emmanuel Omomoh

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital)

  • Elisa Pallasch

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF))

  • Bernadett Pályi

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Center for Epidemiology, National Biosafety Laboratory)

  • Jasmine Portmann

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory)

  • Thomas Pottage

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Catherine Pratt

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Simone Priesnitz

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Bundeswehr Hospital)

  • Serena Quartu

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani)

  • Julie Rappe

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Virology and Immunology)

  • Johanna Repits

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Janssen-Cilag)

  • Martin Richter

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Martin Rudolf

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF))

  • Andreas Sachse

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Kristina Maria Schmidt

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Gordian Schudt

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg)

  • Thomas Strecker

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg)

  • Ruth Thom

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Stephen Thomas

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Ekaete Tobin

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital)

  • Howard Tolley

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Jochen Trautner

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Thünen Institute)

  • Tine Vermoesen

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Tropical Medicine)

  • Inês Vitoriano

    (Public Health England
    The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine)

  • Matthias Wagner

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology)

  • Svenja Wolff

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg)

  • Constanze Yue

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Maria Rosaria Capobianchi

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani)

  • Birte Kretschmer

    (Eurice - European Research and Project Office GmbH)

  • Yper Hall

    (Public Health England)

  • John G. Kenny

    (Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool)

  • Natasha Y. Rickett

    (Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool)

  • Gytis Dudas

    (Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh)

  • Cordelia E. M. Coltart

    (University College London)

  • Romy Kerber

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF))

  • Damien Steer

    (Research IT, University of Bristol)

  • Callum Wright

    (Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol)

  • Francis Senyah

    (Public Health England)

  • Sakoba Keita

    (Ministry of Health Guinea)

  • Patrick Drury

    (World Health Organization)

  • Boubacar Diallo

    (World Health Organization)

  • Hilde de Clerck

    (Médecins Sans Frontières)

  • Michel Van Herp

    (Médecins Sans Frontières)

  • Armand Sprecher

    (Médecins Sans Frontières)

  • Alexis Traore

    (Section Prévention et Lutte contre la Maladie à la Direction Préfectorale de la Santé de Guéckédou)

  • Mandiou Diakite

    (Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, CHU Donka)

  • Mandy Kader Konde

    (Health and Sustainable Development Foundation)

  • Lamine Koivogui

    (Institut National de Santé Publique)

  • N’Faly Magassouba

    (Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée)

  • Tatjana Avšič-Županc

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana)

  • Andreas Nitsche

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Robert Koch Institute)

  • Marc Strasser

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory)

  • Giuseppe Ippolito

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani)

  • Stephan Becker

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg)

  • Kilian Stoecker

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology)

  • Martin Gabriel

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF))

  • Hervé Raoul

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm)

  • Antonino Di Caro

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani)

  • Roman Wölfel

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
    Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology)

  • Pierre Formenty

    (World Health Organization)

  • Stephan Günther

    (The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine
    Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
    German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF))

Abstract

Analysis of 179 new Ebola virus sequences from patient samples collected in Guinea between March 2014 and January 2015 shows how different lineages evolved and spread in West Africa.

Suggested Citation

  • Miles W. Carroll & David A. Matthews & Julian A. Hiscox & Michael J. Elmore & Georgios Pollakis & Andrew Rambaut & Roger Hewson & Isabel García-Dorival & Joseph Akoi Bore & Raymond Koundouno & Saïd Ab, 2015. "Temporal and spatial analysis of the 2014–2015 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa," Nature, Nature, vol. 524(7563), pages 97-101, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:524:y:2015:i:7563:d:10.1038_nature14594
    DOI: 10.1038/nature14594
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    Cited by:

    1. S. A. Riesle-Sbarbaro & G. Wibbelt & A. Düx & V. Kouakou & M. Bokelmann & K. Hansen-Kant & N. Kirchoff & M. Laue & N. Kromarek & A. Lander & U. Vogel & A. Wahlbrink & D. M. Wozniak & D. P. Scott & J. , 2024. "Selective replication and vertical transmission of Ebola virus in experimentally infected Angolan free-tailed bats," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-15, December.

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