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Scenarios for the making of vertebrates

Author

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  • Nicholas D. Holland

    (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.)

  • Linda Z. Holland

    (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.)

  • Peter W. H. Holland

    (University of Oxford)

Abstract

Over the past 200 years, almost every invertebrate phylum has been proposed as a starting point for evolving vertebrates. Most of these scenarios are outdated, but several are still seriously considered. The short-range transition from ancestral invertebrate chordates (similar to amphioxus and tunicates) to vertebrates is well accepted. However, longer-range transitions leading up to the invertebrate chordates themselves are more controversial. Opinion is divided between the annelid and the enteropneust scenarios, predicting, respectively, a complex or a simple ancestor for bilaterian animals. Deciding between these ideas will be facilitated by further comparative studies of multicellular animals, including enigmatic taxa such as xenacoelomorphs.

Suggested Citation

  • Nicholas D. Holland & Linda Z. Holland & Peter W. H. Holland, 2015. "Scenarios for the making of vertebrates," Nature, Nature, vol. 520(7548), pages 450-455, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:520:y:2015:i:7548:d:10.1038_nature14433
    DOI: 10.1038/nature14433
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