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New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution

Author

Listed:
  • Dmitry Shungin

    (Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
    Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hosptial, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
    Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden.)

  • Thomas W. Winkler

    (Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.)

  • Damien C. Croteau-Chonka

    (University of North Carolina
    Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School)

  • Teresa Ferreira

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.)

  • Adam E. Locke

    (Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan)

  • Reedik Mägi

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.)

  • Rona J. Strawbridge

    (Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.)

  • Tune H. Pers

    (Boston Children's Hospital
    Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University
    Harvard Medical School
    Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark.)

  • Krista Fischer

    (Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.)

  • Anne E. Justice

    (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.)

  • Tsegaselassie Workalemahu

    (Harvard School of Public Health)

  • Joseph M. W. Wu

    (Boston University School of Public Health)

  • Martin L. Buchkovich

    (University of North Carolina)

  • Nancy L. Heard-Costa

    (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study
    Boston University School of Medicine)

  • Tamara S. Roman

    (University of North Carolina)

  • Alexander W. Drong

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.)

  • Ci Song

    (Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
    Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.
    Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.)

  • Stefan Gustafsson

    (Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.
    Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.)

  • Felix R. Day

    (MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.)

  • Tonu Esko

    (Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
    Boston Children's Hospital
    Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University
    Harvard Medical School)

  • Tove Fall

    (Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
    Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.
    Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.)

  • Zoltán Kutalik

    (Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne 1010, Switzerland.
    Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
    University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.)

  • Jian’an Luan

    (MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.)

  • Joshua C. Randall

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.)

  • André Scherag

    (Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, 45147 Germany.
    Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena 07743, Germany.)

  • Sailaja Vedantam

    (Boston Children's Hospital
    Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University)

  • Andrew R. Wood

    (Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.)

  • Jin Chen

    (University of Michigan)

  • Rudolf Fehrmann

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Juha Karjalainen

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Bratati Kahali

    (University of Michigan)

  • Ching-Ti Liu

    (Boston University School of Public Health)

  • Ellen M. Schmidt

    (University of Michigan)

  • Devin Absher

    (HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology)

  • Najaf Amin

    (Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Denise Anderson

    (Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia)

  • Marian Beekman

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
    Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.)

  • Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham

    (Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan
    Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center, University of Michigan)

  • Steven Buyske

    (Rutgers University
    Rutgers University)

  • Ayse Demirkan

    (Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.)

  • Georg B. Ehret

    (Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
    Cardiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.)

  • Mary F. Feitosa

    (Washington University School of Medicine)

  • Anuj Goel

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.)

  • Anne U. Jackson

    (Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan)

  • Toby Johnson

    (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
    University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.
    University Institute for Social and Preventative Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.)

  • Marcus E. Kleber

    (Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68187 Mannheim, Germany.
    Ulm University Medical Centre, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.)

  • Kati Kristiansson

    (National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • Massimo Mangino

    (King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.)

  • Irene Mateo Leach

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Carolina Medina-Gomez

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Cameron D. Palmer

    (Boston Children's Hospital
    Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University)

  • Dorota Pasko

    (Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.)

  • Sonali Pechlivanis

    (Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, 45147 Germany.)

  • Marjolein J. Peters

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Inga Prokopenko

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.
    School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK.)

  • Alena Stančáková

    (University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.)

  • Yun Ju Sung

    (Washington University School of Medicine)

  • Toshiko Tanaka

    (Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging)

  • Alexander Teumer

    (Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.)

  • Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk

    (University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.)

  • Loïc Yengo

    (CNRS UMR 8199, F-59019 Lille, France.
    European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France.
    Université de Lille 2, F-59000 Lille, France.)

  • Weihua Zhang

    (Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK.
    Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.)

  • Eva Albrecht

    (Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.)

  • Johan Ärnlöv

    (Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.
    Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.
    School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, SE-791 88 Falun, Sweden.)

  • Gillian M. Arscott

    (PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia)

  • Stefania Bandinelli

    (Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), 50125 Florence, Italy.)

  • Amy Barrett

    (Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.)

  • Claire Bellis

    (Texas Biomedical Research Institute
    Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology)

  • Amanda J. Bennett

    (Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.)

  • Christian Berne

    (Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.)

  • Matthias Blüher

    (Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
    University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.)

  • Stefan Böhringer

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
    Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.)

  • Fabrice Bonnet

    (Inserm UMR991, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France.)

  • Yvonne Böttcher

    (Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.)

  • Marcel Bruinenberg

    (LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Delia B. Carba

    (USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines.)

  • Ida H. Caspersen

    (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.)

  • Robert Clarke

    (Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.)

  • E. Warwick Daw

    (Washington University School of Medicine)

  • Joris Deelen

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
    Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.)

  • Ewa Deelman

    (Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California)

  • Graciela Delgado
  • Alex S. F. Doney

    (Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.)

  • Niina Eklund

    (National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
    Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • Michael R. Erdos

    (Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.)

  • Karol Estrada

    (Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School)

  • Elodie Eury

    (CNRS UMR 8199, F-59019 Lille, France.
    European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France.
    Université de Lille 2, F-59000 Lille, France.)

  • Nele Friedrich

    (Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.)

  • Melissa E. Garcia

    (Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.)

  • Vilmantas Giedraitis

    (Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.)

  • Bruna Gigante

    (Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.)

  • Alan S. Go

    (Kaiser Permanente)

  • Alain Golay

    (Service of Therapeutic Education for Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.)

  • Harald Grallert

    (Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
    Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
    German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.)

  • Tanja B. Grammer
  • Jürgen Gräßler

    (University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.)

  • Jagvir Grewal

    (Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK.
    Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.)

  • Christopher J. Groves

    (Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.)

  • Toomas Haller

    (Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.)

  • Goran Hallmans

    (Unit of Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden.)

  • Catharina A. Hartman

    (University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Maija Hassinen

    (Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, FI-70100 Kuopio, Finland.)

  • Caroline Hayward

    (MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.)

  • Kauko Heikkilä

    (University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • Karl-Heinz Herzig

    (Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
    Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
    Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.)

  • Quinta Helmer

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
    Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
    Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Hans L. Hillege

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
    University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Oddgeir Holmen

    (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7489, Norway.)

  • Steven C. Hunt

    (University of Utah)

  • Aaron Isaacs

    (Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Center for Medical Sytems Biology, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.)

  • Till Ittermann

    (Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.)

  • Alan L. James

    (Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine
    School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia.)

  • Ingegerd Johansson

    (Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden.)

  • Thorhildur Juliusdottir

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.)

  • Ioanna-Panagiota Kalafati

    (Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece.)

  • Leena Kinnunen

    (National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • Wolfgang Koenig

    (Ulm University Medical Centre, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.)

  • Ishminder K. Kooner
  • Wolfgang Kratzer

    (Ulm University Medical Centre, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.)

  • Claudia Lamina

    (Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.)

  • Karin Leander

    (Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.)

  • Nanette R. Lee

    (USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines.)

  • Peter Lichtner

    (Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.)

  • Lars Lind

    (Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.)

  • Jaana Lindström

    (National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • Stéphane Lobbens

    (CNRS UMR 8199, F-59019 Lille, France.
    European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France.
    Université de Lille 2, F-59000 Lille, France.)

  • Mattias Lorentzon

    (Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden.)

  • François Mach

    (Cardiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.)

  • Patrik K. E. Magnusson

    (Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.)

  • Anubha Mahajan

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.)

  • Wendy L. McArdle

    (School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.)

  • Cristina Menni

    (King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.)

  • Sigrun Merger

    (Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.)

  • Evelin Mihailov

    (Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
    Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.)

  • Lili Milani

    (Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.)

  • Rebecca Mills
  • Alireza Moayyeri

    (King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
    Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK)

  • Keri L. Monda

    (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
    The Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Inc.)

  • Simon P. Mooijaart

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
    Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.)

  • Thomas W. Mühleisen

    (Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
    Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.)

  • Antonella Mulas

    (Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche)

  • Gabriele Müller

    (Center for Evidence-based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.)

  • Martina Müller-Nurasyid

    (Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
    University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
    Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
    Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK) (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany.)

  • Ramaiah Nagaraja

    (Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging)

  • Michael A. Nalls

    (Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health)

  • Narisu Narisu

    (Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.)

  • Nicola Glorioso

    (Hypertension and Related Diseases Centre - AOU, University of Sassari Medical School, Sassari 07100, Italy.)

  • Ilja M. Nolte

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Matthias Olden

    (Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.)

  • Nigel W. Rayner

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
    Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.)

  • Frida Renstrom

    (Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hosptial, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.)

  • Janina S. Ried

    (Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.)

  • Neil R. Robertson

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.)

  • Lynda M. Rose

    (Brigham and Women's Hospital)

  • Serena Sanna

    (Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche)

  • Hubert Scharnagl

    (Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.)

  • Salome Scholtens

    (LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Bengt Sennblad

    (Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.
    Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden.)

  • Thomas Seufferlein

    (Ulm University Medical Centre, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.)

  • Colleen M. Sitlani

    (University of Washington)

  • Albert Vernon Smith

    (Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.
    University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.)

  • Kathleen Stirrups

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
    William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.)

  • Heather M. Stringham

    (Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan)

  • Johan Sundström

    (Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.)

  • Morris A. Swertz

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Amy J. Swift

    (Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.)

  • Ann-Christine Syvänen

    (Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.
    Molecular Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75144, Sweden.)

  • Bamidele O. Tayo

    (Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago)

  • Barbara Thorand

    (German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
    Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.)

  • Gudmar Thorleifsson

    (deCODE Genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.)

  • Andreas Tomaschitz

    (Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.)

  • Chiara Troffa

    (Hypertension and Related Diseases Centre - AOU, University of Sassari Medical School, Sassari 07100, Italy.)

  • Floor V. A. van Oort

    (Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Niek Verweij

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Judith M. Vonk

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Lindsay L. Waite

    (HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology)

  • Roman Wennauer

    (Ulm University Medical Centre, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.)

  • Tom Wilsgaard

    (Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.)

  • Mary K. Wojczynski

    (Washington University School of Medicine)

  • Andrew Wong

    (MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London WC1B 5JU, UK.)

  • Qunyuan Zhang

    (Washington University School of Medicine)

  • Jing Hua Zhao

    (MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.)

  • Eoin P. Brennan

    (Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.)

  • Murim Choi

    (Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea.)

  • Per Eriksson

    (Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.)

  • Lasse Folkersen

    (Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.)

  • Anders Franco-Cereceda

    (Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.)

  • Ali G. Gharavi

    (Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons)

  • Åsa K. Hedman

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.
    Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.)

  • Marie-France Hivert

    (Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School
    Massachusetts General Hospital)

  • Jinyan Huang

    (State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
    Harvard School of Public Health)

  • Stavroula Kanoni

    (William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.)

  • Fredrik Karpe

    (Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.
    NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.)

  • Sarah Keildson

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.)

  • Krzysztof Kiryluk

    (Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons)

  • Liming Liang

    (Harvard School of Public Health
    Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University)

  • Richard P. Lifton

    (Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.)

  • Baoshan Ma

    (Harvard School of Public Health
    College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University)

  • Amy J. McKnight

    (Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, County Down BT9 7AB, UK.)

  • Ruth McPherson

    (University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa K1Y 4W7, Canada.)

  • Andres Metspalu

    (Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
    Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.)

  • Josine L. Min

    (School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.)

  • Miriam F. Moffatt

    (National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.)

  • Grant W. Montgomery

    (QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute)

  • Joanne M. Murabito

    (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study
    Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine)

  • George Nicholson

    (University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK.
    MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell OX11 0QG, UK.)

  • Dale R. Nyholt

    (QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
    Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology)

  • Christian Olsson

    (Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.)

  • John R. B. Perry

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
    King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.)

  • Eva Reinmaa

    (Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.)

  • Rany M. Salem

    (Boston Children's Hospital
    Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University
    Harvard Medical School)

  • Niina Sandholm

    (Aalto University School of Science, FI-00076 Helsinki, Finland.
    Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
    Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • Eric E. Schadt

    (Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai)

  • Robert A. Scott

    (MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.)

  • Lisette Stolk

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Edgar E. Vallejo

    (Tecnológico de Monterrey, Atizapán de Zaragoza, 52926, Mexico.)

  • Harm-Jan Westra

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Krina T. Zondervan

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.)

  • Philippe Amouyel

    (Institut Pasteur de Lille; INSERM, U744; Université de Lille 2; F-59000 Lille, France.
    INSERM, U744)

  • Dominique Arveiler

    (EA3430, University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine)

  • Stephan J. L. Bakker

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • John Beilby

    (PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia
    Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia)

  • Richard N. Bergman

    (Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute)

  • John Blangero

    (Texas Biomedical Research Institute)

  • Morris J. Brown

    (Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.)

  • Michel Burnier

    (Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.)

  • Harry Campbell

    (Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.)

  • Aravinda Chakravarti

    (Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine)

  • Peter S. Chines

    (Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.)

  • Simone Claudi-Boehm

    (Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.)

  • Francis S. Collins

    (Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.)

  • Dana C. Crawford

    (Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
    Vanderbilt University)

  • John Danesh

    (University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.)

  • Ulf de Faire

    (Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.)

  • Eco J. C. de Geus

    (Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Marcus Dörr

    (University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
    DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung – German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.)

  • Raimund Erbel

    (Clinic of Cardiology, West-German Heart Centre, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.)

  • Johan G. Eriksson

    (National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
    University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
    Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland.)

  • Martin Farrall

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.)

  • Ele Ferrannini

    (University of Pisa, Pisa 56100, Italy.
    National Research Council Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy.)

  • Jean Ferrières

    (Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, 31400 Toulouse, France.)

  • Nita G. Forouhi

    (MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.)

  • Terrence Forrester

    (UWI Solutions for Developing Countries, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.)

  • Oscar H. Franco

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Ron T. Gansevoort

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Christian Gieger

    (Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.)

  • Vilmundur Gudnason

    (Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.
    University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.)

  • Christopher A. Haiman

    (Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California)

  • Tamara B. Harris

    (Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.)

  • Andrew T. Hattersley

    (Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.)

  • Markku Heliövaara

    (National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • Andrew A. Hicks

    (Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano 39100, Italy (affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany).)

  • Aroon D. Hingorani

    (Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.)

  • Wolfgang Hoffmann

    (Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
    DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung – German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.)

  • Albert Hofman

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Georg Homuth

    (Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.)

  • Steve E. Humphries

    (Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.)

  • Elina Hyppönen

    (Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
    School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
    South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
    Population, Policy, and Practice, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.)

  • Thomas Illig

    (Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
    Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.)

  • Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin

    (Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
    Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
    National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland.
    MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.)

  • Berit Johansen

    (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.)

  • Pekka Jousilahti

    (National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • Antti M. Jula

    (National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • Jaakko Kaprio

    (National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
    Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
    University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • Frank Kee

    (UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre of Excellence for Public Health (NI), Queens University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK.)

  • Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi

    (Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
    Unit of Primary Health Care/General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.)

  • Jaspal S. Kooner

    (Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK.
    National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.
    Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK.)

  • Charles Kooperberg

    (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center)

  • Peter Kovacs

    (Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
    University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.)

  • Aldi T. Kraja

    (Washington University School of Medicine)

  • Meena Kumari

    (University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
    University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK.)

  • Kari Kuulasmaa

    (National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • Johanna Kuusisto

    (Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.)

  • Timo A. Lakka

    (Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, FI-70100 Kuopio, Finland.
    Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
    Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.)

  • Claudia Langenberg

    (MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
    University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.)

  • Loic Le Marchand

    (Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center)

  • Terho Lehtimäki

    (Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.)

  • Valeriya Lyssenko

    (Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte DK-2820, Denmark.
    Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö 221 00, Sweden.)

  • Satu Männistö

    (National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • André Marette

    (Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
    Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec QC G1V 0A6, Canada.)

  • Tara C. Matise

    (Rutgers University)

  • Colin A. McKenzie

    (UWI Solutions for Developing Countries, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.)

  • Barbara McKnight

    (University of Washington)

  • Arthur W. Musk

    (Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital)

  • Stefan Möhlenkamp

    (Clinic of Cardiology, West-German Heart Centre, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.)

  • Andrew D. Morris

    (Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.)

  • Mari Nelis

    (Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.)

  • Claes Ohlsson

    (Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden.)

  • Albertine J. Oldehinkel

    (University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Ken K. Ong

    (MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
    MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London WC1B 5JU, UK.)

  • Lyle J. Palmer

    (Epidemiology and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1E2, Canada.
    Genetic Epidemiology & Biostatistics Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.)

  • Brenda W. Penninx

    (Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    Neuroscience Campus, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Annette Peters

    (Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
    Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK) (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany.
    Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.)

  • Peter P. Pramstaller

    (Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano 39100, Italy (affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany).
    General Central Hospital, Bolzano 39100, Italy.)

  • Olli T. Raitakari

    (Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland.
    Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20521 Turku, Finland.)

  • Tuomo Rankinen

    (Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center)

  • D. C. Rao

    (Washington University School of Medicine
    Washington University School of Medicine
    Washington University School of Medicine)

  • Treva K. Rice

    (Washington University School of Medicine
    Washington University School of Medicine)

  • Paul M. Ridker

    (Brigham and Women's Hospital
    Harvard Medical School)

  • Marylyn D. Ritchie

    (Center for Systems Genomics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.)

  • Igor Rudan

    (Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
    Croatian Centre for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.)

  • Veikko Salomaa

    (National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • Nilesh J. Samani

    (University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
    National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.)

  • Jouko Saramies

    (South Carelia Central Hospital, 53130 Lappeenranta, Finland.)

  • Mark A. Sarzynski

    (Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center)

  • Peter E. H. Schwarz

    (University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
    Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 01307 Dresden, Germany.)

  • Alan R. Shuldiner

    (Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine
    Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine
    Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center)

  • Jan A. Staessen

    (Maastricht University, 6229 HA Maastricht, The Netherlands.
    Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.)

  • Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir

    (deCODE Genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.)

  • Ronald P. Stolk

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Konstantin Strauch

    (Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
    Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany.)

  • Anke Tönjes

    (Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
    University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.)

  • Angelo Tremblay

    (Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.)

  • Elena Tremoli

    (Università di Milano & Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan 20133, Italy.)

  • Marie-Claude Vohl

    (Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
    Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.)

  • Uwe Völker

    (Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
    DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung – German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.)

  • Peter Vollenweider

    (University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland.)

  • James F. Wilson

    (Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.)

  • Jacqueline C. Witteman

    (Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Linda S. Adair

    (University of North Carolina)

  • Murielle Bochud

    (Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland.
    Ministry of Health)

  • Bernhard O. Boehm

    (Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553 Singapore, Singapore.
    Ulm University Medical Centre, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.)

  • Stefan R. Bornstein

    (University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.)

  • Claude Bouchard

    (Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center)

  • Stéphane Cauchi

    (CNRS UMR 8199, F-59019 Lille, France.
    European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France.
    Université de Lille 2, F-59000 Lille, France.)

  • Mark J. Caulfield

    (William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.)

  • John C. Chambers

    (Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK.
    Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
    Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK.)

  • Daniel I. Chasman

    (Brigham and Women's Hospital
    Harvard Medical School)

  • Richard S. Cooper

    (Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago)

  • George Dedoussis

    (Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece.)

  • Luigi Ferrucci

    (Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging)

  • Philippe Froguel

    (School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK.
    CNRS UMR 8199, F-59019 Lille, France.
    European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France.
    Université de Lille 2, F-59000 Lille, France.)

  • Hans-Jörgen Grabe

    (University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
    German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.)

  • Anders Hamsten

    (Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.)

  • Jennie Hui

    (PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia
    Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia
    School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia)

  • Kristian Hveem

    (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7489, Norway.)

  • Karl-Heinz Jöckel

    (Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, 45147 Germany.)

  • Mika Kivimaki

    (University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.)

  • Diana Kuh

    (MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London WC1B 5JU, UK.)

  • Markku Laakso

    (Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.)

  • Yongmei Liu

    (Center for Human Genetics, Wake Forest School of Medicine)

  • Winfried März

    (Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68187 Mannheim, Germany.
    Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
    Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.)

  • Patricia B. Munroe

    (William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.)

  • Inger Njølstad

    (Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.)

  • Ben A. Oostra

    (Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Center for Medical Sytems Biology, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Colin N. A. Palmer

    (Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.)

  • Nancy L. Pedersen

    (Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.)

  • Markus Perola

    (Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
    National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
    Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • Louis Pérusse

    (Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
    Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.)

  • Ulrike Peters

    (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center)

  • Chris Power

    (Population, Policy, and Practice, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.)

  • Thomas Quertermous

    (Stanford University School of Medicine)

  • Rainer Rauramaa

    (Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, FI-70100 Kuopio, Finland.
    Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.)

  • Fernando Rivadeneira

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Timo E. Saaristo

    (Finnish Diabetes Association, Kirjoniementie 15, FI-33680 Tampere, Finland.
    Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland.)

  • Danish Saleheen

    (University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
    Center for Non-Communicable Diseases
    University of Pennsylvania)

  • Juha Sinisalo

    (Helsinki University Central Hospital Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.)

  • P. Eline Slagboom

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
    Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.)

  • Harold Snieder

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Tim D. Spector

    (King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.)

  • Unnur Thorsteinsdottir

    (deCODE Genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
    Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.)

  • Michael Stumvoll

    (Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
    University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.)

  • Jaakko Tuomilehto

    (National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
    Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario LaPaz (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain.
    Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
    Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria.)

  • André G. Uitterlinden

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Matti Uusitupa

    (University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
    Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.)

  • Pim van der Harst

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
    University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
    Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, 3501 DG Utrecht, The Netherlands.)

  • Giovanni Veronesi

    (EPIMED Research Center, University of Insubria, Varese I-21100, Italy.)

  • Mark Walker

    (Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK.)

  • Nicholas J. Wareham

    (MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.)

  • Hugh Watkins

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.)

  • H-Erich Wichmann

    (Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-85764 Munich, Germany.
    Klinikum Grosshadern, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
    Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.)

  • Goncalo R. Abecasis

    (Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan)

  • Themistocles L. Assimes

    (Stanford University School of Medicine)

  • Sonja I. Berndt

    (National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health)

  • Michael Boehnke

    (Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan)

  • Ingrid B. Borecki

    (Washington University School of Medicine)

  • Panos Deloukas

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
    William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
    Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.)

  • Lude Franke

    (University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.)

  • Timothy M. Frayling

    (Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.)

  • Leif C. Groop

    (Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
    Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö 221 00, Sweden.)

  • David J. Hunter

    (Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
    Harvard School of Public Health
    Harvard School of Public Health)

  • Robert C. Kaplan

    (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Belfer 1306, New York 10461, USA.)

  • Jeffrey R. O’Connell

    (Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine
    Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine)

  • Lu Qi

    (Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School)

  • David Schlessinger

    (Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging)

  • David P. Strachan

    (St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.)

  • Kari Stefansson

    (deCODE Genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
    Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.)

  • Cornelia M. van Duijn

    (Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Center for Medical Sytems Biology, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.)

  • Cristen J. Willer

    (University of Michigan
    University of Michigan
    University of Michigan)

  • Peter M. Visscher

    (Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
    The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translation Research Institute, Brisbane 4012, Australia.)

  • Jian Yang

    (Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
    The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translation Research Institute, Brisbane 4012, Australia.)

  • Joel N. Hirschhorn

    (Boston Children's Hospital
    Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University
    Harvard Medical School)

  • M. Carola Zillikens

    (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.)

  • Mark I. McCarthy

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.
    Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.)

  • Elizabeth K. Speliotes

    (University of Michigan)

  • Kari E. North

    (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
    Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

  • Caroline S. Fox

    (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study)

  • Inês Barroso

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
    University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK.
    NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK.)

  • Paul W. Franks

    (Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
    Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hosptial, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.)

  • Erik Ingelsson

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.
    Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.)

  • Iris M. Heid

    (Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
    Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.)

  • Ruth J. F. Loos

    (MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
    The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
    The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
    The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai)

  • L. Adrienne Cupples

    (Boston University School of Public Health
    National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study)

  • Andrew P. Morris

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
    University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK.)

  • Cecilia M. Lindgren

    (Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
    Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University)

  • Karen L Mohlke

    (University of North Carolina)

Abstract

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P

Suggested Citation

  • Dmitry Shungin & Thomas W. Winkler & Damien C. Croteau-Chonka & Teresa Ferreira & Adam E. Locke & Reedik Mägi & Rona J. Strawbridge & Tune H. Pers & Krista Fischer & Anne E. Justice & Tsegaselassie Wo, 2015. "New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution," Nature, Nature, vol. 518(7538), pages 187-196, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:518:y:2015:i:7538:d:10.1038_nature14132
    DOI: 10.1038/nature14132
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    1. Saaket Agrawal & Marcus D. R. Klarqvist & Nathaniel Diamant & Takara L. Stanley & Patrick T. Ellinor & Nehal N. Mehta & Anthony Philippakis & Kenney Ng & Melina Claussnitzer & Steven K. Grinspoon & Pu, 2023. "BMI-adjusted adipose tissue volumes exhibit depot-specific and divergent associations with cardiometabolic diseases," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, December.
    2. Aimee M. Deaton & Aditi Dubey & Lucas D. Ward & Peter Dornbos & Jason Flannick & Elaine Yee & Simina Ticau & Leila Noetzli & Margaret M. Parker & Rachel A. Hoffing & Carissa Willis & Mollie E. Plekan , 2022. "Rare loss of function variants in the hepatokine gene INHBE protect from abdominal obesity," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.
    3. Runye Shi & Shitong Xiang & Tianye Jia & Trevor W. Robbins & Jujiao Kang & Tobias Banaschewski & Gareth J. Barker & Arun L. W. Bokde & Sylvane Desrivières & Herta Flor & Antoine Grigis & Hugh Garavan , 2024. "Investigating grey matter volumetric trajectories through the lifespan at the individual level," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-14, December.
    4. Katherine Carbeck & Peter Arcese & Irby Lovette & Christin Pruett & Kevin Winker & Jennifer Walsh, 2023. "Candidate genes under selection in song sparrows co-vary with climate and body mass in support of Bergmann’s Rule," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, December.
    5. Yang, Chiao-Yu & Lei, Lihua & Ho, Nhat & Fithian, William, 2022. "BONuS: Multiple Multivariate Testing with a Data-Adaptive Test Statistic," Research Papers 4031, Stanford University, Graduate School of Business.
    6. Ruo-Han Hao & Tian-Pei Zhang & Feng Jiang & Jun-Hui Liu & Shan-Shan Dong & Meng Li & Yan Guo & Tie-Lin Yang, 2024. "Revealing brain cell-stratified causality through dissecting causal variants according to their cell-type-specific effects on gene expression," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
    7. Parsa Akbari & Olukayode A. Sosina & Jonas Bovijn & Karl Landheer & Jonas B. Nielsen & Minhee Kim & Senem Aykul & Tanima De & Mary E. Haas & George Hindy & Nan Lin & Ian R. Dinsmore & Jonathan Z. Luo , 2022. "Multiancestry exome sequencing reveals INHBE mutations associated with favorable fat distribution and protection from diabetes," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-17, December.
    8. Cecilia Pessoa Rodrigues & Aindrila Chatterjee & Meike Wiese & Thomas Stehle & Witold Szymanski & Maria Shvedunova & Asifa Akhtar, 2021. "Histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation controls central carbon metabolism and diet-induced obesity in mice," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-21, December.
    9. Hazewinkel, Audinga-Dea & Richmond, Rebecca C. & Wade, Kaitlin H. & Dixon, Padraig, 2022. "Mendelian randomization analysis of the causal impact of body mass index and waist-hip ratio on rates of hospital admission," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
    10. Saaket Agrawal & Minxian Wang & Marcus D. R. Klarqvist & Kirk Smith & Joseph Shin & Hesam Dashti & Nathaniel Diamant & Seung Hoan Choi & Sean J. Jurgens & Patrick T. Ellinor & Anthony Philippakis & Me, 2022. "Inherited basis of visceral, abdominal subcutaneous and gluteofemoral fat depots," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-17, December.
    11. Jaakko Pehkonen & Jutta Viinikainen & Jaana T. Kari & Petri Böckerman & Terho Lehtimäki & Olli Raitakari, 2021. "Birth weight and adult income: An examination of mediation through adult height and body mass," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(10), pages 2383-2398, September.
    12. Jihoon Shin & Shinichiro Toyoda & Yosuke Okuno & Reiko Hayashi & Shigeki Nishitani & Toshiharu Onodera & Haruyo Sakamoto & Shinya Ito & Sachiko Kobayashi & Hirofumi Nagao & Shunbun Kita & Michio Otsuk, 2023. "HSP47 levels determine the degree of body adiposity," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-14, December.

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