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One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations

Author

Listed:
  • A. Cassan

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Astronomischen Rechen-Instituts (ARI), Zentrum für Astronomie, Heidelberg University, Mönchhofstrasse 12–14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany)

  • D. Kubas

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordoba 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile)

  • J.-P. Beaulieu

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK)

  • M. Dominik

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), University of St Andrews, School of Physics & Astronomy, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK)

  • K. Horne

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), University of St Andrews, School of Physics & Astronomy, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK)

  • J. Greenhill

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    University of Tasmania, School of Maths and Physics, Private bag 37, GPO Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia)

  • J. Wambsganss

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Astronomischen Rechen-Instituts (ARI), Zentrum für Astronomie, Heidelberg University, Mönchhofstrasse 12–14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany)

  • J. Menzies

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    South African Astronomical Observatory, PO Box 9 Observatory 7935, South Africa)

  • A. Williams

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Perth Observatory, Walnut Road, Bickley, Perth 6076, Australia)

  • U. G. Jørgensen

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Niels Bohr Institute and Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Juliane Mariesvej 30, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark)

  • A. Udalski

    (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) Collaboration, Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
    Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland)

  • D. P. Bennett

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    University of Notre Dame, 225 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46530, USA)

  • M. D. Albrow

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand)

  • V. Batista

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France)

  • S. Brillant

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordoba 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile)

  • J. A. R. Caldwell

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive)

  • A. Cole

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    University of Tasmania, School of Maths and Physics, Private bag 37, GPO Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia)

  • Ch. Coutures

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France)

  • K. H. Cook

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, California 94550, USA)

  • S. Dieters

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    University of Tasmania, School of Maths and Physics, Private bag 37, GPO Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia)

  • D. Dominis Prester

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    University of Rijeka, Omladinska 14, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia)

  • J. Donatowicz

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Technical University of Vienna, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 10, 1040 Vienna, Austria)

  • P. Fouqué

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Laboratoire Astrophysique de Toulouse (LATT), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France)

  • K. Hill

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    University of Tasmania, School of Maths and Physics, Private bag 37, GPO Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia)

  • N. Kains

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    European Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany)

  • S. Kane

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Caltech, MS 100-22, 770 South Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, California 91125, USA)

  • J.-B. Marquette

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France)

  • R. Martin

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Perth Observatory, Walnut Road, Bickley, Perth 6076, Australia)

  • K. R. Pollard

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand)

  • K. C. Sahu

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive)

  • C. Vinter

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Niels Bohr Institute and Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Juliane Mariesvej 30, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark)

  • D. Warren

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    University of Tasmania, School of Maths and Physics, Private bag 37, GPO Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia)

  • B. Watson

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    University of Tasmania, School of Maths and Physics, Private bag 37, GPO Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia)

  • M. Zub

    (Probing Lensing Anomalies Network (PLANET) Collaboration, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, UMR7095 UPMC–CNRS 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
    Astronomischen Rechen-Instituts (ARI), Zentrum für Astronomie, Heidelberg University, Mönchhofstrasse 12–14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany)

  • T. Sumi

    (Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA) Collaboration, Osaka University
    Osaka University)

  • M. K. Szymański

    (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) Collaboration, Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
    Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland)

  • M. Kubiak

    (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) Collaboration, Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
    Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland)

  • R. Poleski

    (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) Collaboration, Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
    Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland)

  • I. Soszynski

    (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) Collaboration, Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
    Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland)

  • K. Ulaczyk

    (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) Collaboration, Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
    Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland)

  • G. Pietrzyński

    (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) Collaboration, Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
    Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
    Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile)

  • Ł. Wyrzykowski

    (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) Collaboration, Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
    Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK)

Abstract

A statistical analysis of microlensing data from 2002–07 reveals that stars in the Milky Way are orbited by planets as a rule, rather than an exception.

Suggested Citation

  • A. Cassan & D. Kubas & J.-P. Beaulieu & M. Dominik & K. Horne & J. Greenhill & J. Wambsganss & J. Menzies & A. Williams & U. G. Jørgensen & A. Udalski & D. P. Bennett & M. D. Albrow & V. Batista & S. , 2012. "One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations," Nature, Nature, vol. 481(7380), pages 167-169, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:481:y:2012:i:7380:d:10.1038_nature10684
    DOI: 10.1038/nature10684
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    Cited by:

    1. Amri Wandel, 2023. "Habitability and sub glacial liquid water on planets of M-dwarf stars," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-4, December.

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