Direct observation of a submarine volcanic eruption from a sea-floor instrument caught in a lava flow

Our understanding of submarine volcanic eruptions has improved substantially in the past decade owing to the recent ability to remotely detect such events1 and to then respond rapidly with synoptic surveys and sampling at the eruption site. But these data are necessarily limited to observations after the event2. In contrast, the 1998 eruption of Axial volcano on the Juan de Fuca ridge3,4 was monitored by in situ sea-floor instruments5,6,7. One of these instruments, which measured bottom pressure as a proxy for vertical deformation of the sea floor, was overrun and entrapped by the 1998 lava flow. The instrument survived—being insulated from the molten lava by the solidified crust—and was later recovered. The data serendipitously recorded by this instrument reveal the duration, character and effusion rate of a sheet flow eruption on a mid-ocean ridge, and document over three metres of lava-flow inflation and subsequent drain-back. After the brief two-hour eruption, the instrument also measured gradual subsidence of 1.4 metres over the next several days, reflecting deflation of the entire volcano summit as magma moved into the adjacent rift zone. These findings are consistent with our understanding of submarine lava effusion, as previously inferred from seafloor observations, terrestrial analogues, and laboratory simulations8,9,10,11.