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Asymmetric toes aid underwater swimming

Author

Listed:
  • L. Christoffer Johansson

    (Zoomorphology, Göteborg University)

  • Ulla M. Lindhe Norberg

    (Zoomorphology, Göteborg University)

Abstract

The unique morphology of the toes of the great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus), which are asymmetrically lobed with a narrower skin flap on the lateral side of the toe, enables these birds to swim very efficiently. Here we study video recordings of a diving grebe and stroboscopic pictures of its moving feet and conclude that the bird uses a hydrodynamically lift-based foot (power) stroke to propel itself underwater, with the separated toes functioning as multiple slots to increase the lift-to-drag ratio. The asymmetric lobes are an adaptation for self-stabilization of the toes during the power stroke, and the toes themselves act as separate hydrofoils, each producing lift and each being twistable individually under hydrodynamic load.

Suggested Citation

  • L. Christoffer Johansson & Ulla M. Lindhe Norberg, 2000. "Asymmetric toes aid underwater swimming," Nature, Nature, vol. 407(6804), pages 582-583, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:407:y:2000:i:6804:d:10.1038_35036689
    DOI: 10.1038/35036689
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