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Sequence and analysis of chromosome 4 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Author

Listed:
  • K. Mayer

    (GSF-Forschungszentrum f. Umwelt u. Gesundheit, Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences am Max-Planck-Institut f. Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a)

  • C. Schüller

    (GSF-Forschungszentrum f. Umwelt u. Gesundheit, Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences am Max-Planck-Institut f. Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a
    BIOMAX Informatics GmbH)

  • R. Wambutt

    (AGOWA GmbH, Glienicker Weg 185)

  • G. Murphy

    (John Innes Centre)

  • G. Volckaert

    (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92)

  • T. Pohl

    (GATC GmbH)

  • A. Düsterhöft

    (QIAGEN GmbH)

  • W. Stiekema

    (CPRO-DLO, Droevendaalsesleeg 1)

  • K.-D. Entian

    (SRD GmbH, Oberurseler)

  • N. Terryn

    (University of Gent)

  • B. Harris

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • W. Ansorge

    (EMBL Biochemical Instrumentation Programme)

  • P. Brandt

    (GBF, Mascheroder Weg 1
    MWG AG Biotech)

  • L. Grivell

    (Section for Molecular Biology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam)

  • M. Rieger

    (Genotype GmbH, Angelhofweg 39)

  • M. Weichselgartner

    (MWG AG Biotech)

  • V. de Simone

    (Università “Frederico II“ di Napoli, Via Pansini 5)

  • B. Obermaier

    (MediGenomix GmbH, DNA-Analytics and Genomics)

  • R. Mache

    (Laboratoire Plastes et Différenciation cellulaire, UMR5575, Université Joseph Fourier et CNRS BP53)

  • M. Müller

    (Vienna Biocenter, Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9)

  • M. Kreis

    (Institute de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), UMR/CNRS 8618, University de Paris-Sud)

  • M. Delseny

    (Lab. Physiologie et Biologie Moleculaire des Plantes, UMR CNRS 5545, Universite de Perpignan)

  • P. Puigdomenech

    (Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC)

  • M. Watson

    (University of Durham)

  • T. Schmidtheini

    (Microsynth GmbH)

  • B. Reichert

    (Baseclear, PO Box 1336)

  • D. Portatelle

    (Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Unité de Microbiologie)

  • M. Perez-Alonso

    (Departament de Genètica, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot)

  • M. Boutry

    (UCL-FYSA, Croix du Sud, 2-20)

  • I. Bancroft

    (John Innes Centre)

  • P. Vos

    (Keygene NV, PO Box 216)

  • J. Hoheisel

    (Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 506)

  • W. Zimmermann

    (AGOWA GmbH, Glienicker Weg 185)

  • H. Wedler

    (AGOWA GmbH, Glienicker Weg 185)

  • P. Ridley

    (John Innes Centre)

  • S.-A. Langham

    (John Innes Centre)

  • B. McCullagh

    (John Innes Centre)

  • L. Bilham

    (John Innes Centre)

  • J. Robben

    (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92)

  • J. Van der Schueren

    (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92)

  • B. Grymonprez

    (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92)

  • Y.-J. Chuang

    (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92)

  • F. Vandenbussche

    (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92)

  • M. Braeken

    (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92)

  • I. Weltjens

    (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92)

  • M. Voet

    (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92)

  • I. Bastiaens

    (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92)

  • R. Aert

    (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92)

  • E. Defoor

    (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92)

  • T. Weitzenegger

    (GATC GmbH)

  • G. Bothe

    (GATC GmbH)

  • U. Ramsperger

    (QIAGEN GmbH)

  • H. Hilbert

    (QIAGEN GmbH)

  • M. Braun

    (QIAGEN GmbH)

  • E. Holzer

    (QIAGEN GmbH)

  • A. Brandt

    (QIAGEN GmbH)

  • S. Peters

    (CPRO-DLO, Droevendaalsesleeg 1)

  • M. van Staveren

    (CPRO-DLO, Droevendaalsesleeg 1)

  • W. Dirkse

    (CPRO-DLO, Droevendaalsesleeg 1)

  • P. Mooijman

    (CPRO-DLO, Droevendaalsesleeg 1)

  • R. Klein Lankhorst

    (CPRO-DLO, Droevendaalsesleeg 1)

  • M. Rose

    (SRD GmbH, Oberurseler)

  • J. Hauf

    (SRD GmbH, Oberurseler)

  • P. Kötter

    (SRD GmbH, Oberurseler)

  • S. Berneiser

    (SRD GmbH, Oberurseler)

  • S. Hempel

    (SRD GmbH, Oberurseler)

  • M. Feldpausch

    (SRD GmbH, Oberurseler)

  • S. Lamberth

    (SRD GmbH, Oberurseler)

  • H. Van den Daele

    (University of Gent)

  • A. De Keyser

    (University of Gent)

  • C. Buysshaert

    (University of Gent)

  • J. Gielen

    (University of Gent)

  • R. Villarroel

    (University of Gent)

  • R. De Clercq

    (University of Gent)

  • M. Van Montagu

    (University of Gent)

  • J. Rogers

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • A. Cronin

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • M. Quail

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • S. Bray-Allen

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • L. Clark

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • J. Doggett

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • S. Hall

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • M. Kay

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • N. Lennard

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • K. McLay

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • R. Mayes

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • A. Pettett

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • M.-A. Rajandream

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • M. Lyne

    (Wellcome Trust Genome Campus)

  • V. Benes

    (EMBL Biochemical Instrumentation Programme)

  • S. Rechmann

    (EMBL Biochemical Instrumentation Programme)

  • D. Borkova

    (EMBL Biochemical Instrumentation Programme)

  • H. Blöcker

    (GBF, Mascheroder Weg 1)

  • M. Scharfe

    (GBF, Mascheroder Weg 1)

  • M. Grimm

    (GBF, Mascheroder Weg 1)

  • T.-H. Löhnert

    (GBF, Mascheroder Weg 1)

  • S. Dose

    (GBF, Mascheroder Weg 1)

  • M. de Haan

    (Section for Molecular Biology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam)

  • A. Maarse

    (Section for Molecular Biology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam)

  • M. Schäfer

    (Genotype GmbH, Angelhofweg 39)

  • S. Müller-Auer

    (Genotype GmbH, Angelhofweg 39)

  • C. Gabel

    (Genotype GmbH, Angelhofweg 39)

  • M. Fuchs

    (Genotype GmbH, Angelhofweg 39)

  • B. Fartmann

    (MWG AG Biotech)

  • K. Granderath

    (MWG AG Biotech)

  • D. Dauner

    (MWG AG Biotech)

  • A. Herzl

    (MWG AG Biotech)

  • S. Neumann

    (MWG AG Biotech)

  • A. Argiriou

    (Università “Frederico II“ di Napoli, Via Pansini 5)

  • D. Vitale

    (Università “Frederico II“ di Napoli, Via Pansini 5)

  • R. Liguori

    (Università “Frederico II“ di Napoli, Via Pansini 5)

  • E. Piravandi

    (MediGenomix GmbH, DNA-Analytics and Genomics)

  • O. Massenet

    (Laboratoire Plastes et Différenciation cellulaire, UMR5575, Université Joseph Fourier et CNRS BP53)

  • F. Quigley

    (Laboratoire Plastes et Différenciation cellulaire, UMR5575, Université Joseph Fourier et CNRS BP53)

  • G. Clabauld

    (Laboratoire Plastes et Différenciation cellulaire, UMR5575, Université Joseph Fourier et CNRS BP53)

  • A. Mündlein

    (Vienna Biocenter, Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9)

  • R. Felber

    (Vienna Biocenter, Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9)

  • S. Schnabl

    (Vienna Biocenter, Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9)

  • R. Hiller

    (Vienna Biocenter, Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9)

  • W. Schmidt

    (Vienna Biocenter, Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9)

  • A. Lecharny

    (Institute de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), UMR/CNRS 8618, University de Paris-Sud)

  • S. Aubourg

    (Institute de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), UMR/CNRS 8618, University de Paris-Sud)

  • F. Chefdor

    (Institute de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), UMR/CNRS 8618, University de Paris-Sud)

  • R. Cooke

    (Lab. Physiologie et Biologie Moleculaire des Plantes, UMR CNRS 5545, Universite de Perpignan)

  • C. Berger

    (Lab. Physiologie et Biologie Moleculaire des Plantes, UMR CNRS 5545, Universite de Perpignan)

  • A. Montfort

    (Lab. Physiologie et Biologie Moleculaire des Plantes, UMR CNRS 5545, Universite de Perpignan)

  • E. Casacuberta

    (Lab. Physiologie et Biologie Moleculaire des Plantes, UMR CNRS 5545, Universite de Perpignan)

  • T. Gibbons

    (University of Durham)

  • N. Weber

    (Microsynth GmbH)

  • M. Vandenbol

    (Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Unité de Microbiologie)

  • M. Bargues

    (Departament de Genètica, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot)

  • J. Terol

    (Departament de Genètica, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot)

  • A. Torres

    (Departament de Genètica, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot)

  • A. Perez-Perez

    (Departament de Genètica, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot
    Sistemas Genomicos SL, Valencia Technology Park)

  • B. Purnelle

    (UCL-FYSA, Croix du Sud, 2-20)

  • E. Bent

    (John Innes Centre)

  • S. Johnson

    (John Innes Centre)

  • D. Tacon

    (John Innes Centre)

  • T. Jesse

    (Keygene NV, PO Box 216)

  • L. Heijnen

    (Keygene NV, PO Box 216)

  • S. Schwarz

    (Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 506)

  • P. Scholler

    (Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 506)

  • S. Heber

    (Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 506)

  • P. Francs

    (Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant research (IPK))

  • C. Bielke

    (GSF-Forschungszentrum f. Umwelt u. Gesundheit, Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences am Max-Planck-Institut f. Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a)

  • D. Frishman

    (GSF-Forschungszentrum f. Umwelt u. Gesundheit, Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences am Max-Planck-Institut f. Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a)

  • D. Haase

    (GSF-Forschungszentrum f. Umwelt u. Gesundheit, Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences am Max-Planck-Institut f. Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a)

  • K. Lemcke

    (GSF-Forschungszentrum f. Umwelt u. Gesundheit, Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences am Max-Planck-Institut f. Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a)

  • H. W. Mewes

    (GSF-Forschungszentrum f. Umwelt u. Gesundheit, Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences am Max-Planck-Institut f. Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a)

  • S. Stocker

    (GSF-Forschungszentrum f. Umwelt u. Gesundheit, Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences am Max-Planck-Institut f. Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a)

  • P. Zaccaria

    (GSF-Forschungszentrum f. Umwelt u. Gesundheit, Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences am Max-Planck-Institut f. Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a)

  • M. Bevan

    (John Innes Centre)

  • R. K. Wilson

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • M. de la Bastide

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • K. Habermann

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • L. Parnell

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • N. Dedhia

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • L. Gnoj

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • K. Schutz

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • E. Huang

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • L. Spiegel

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • M. Sehkon

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • J. Murray

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • P. Sheet

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • M. Cordes

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • J. Abu-Threideh

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • T. Stoneking

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • J. Kalicki

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • T. Graves

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • G. Harmon

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • J. Edwards

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • P. Latreille

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • L. Courtney

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • J. Cloud

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • A. Abbott

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • K. Scott

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • D. Johnson

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • P. Minx

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • D. Bentley

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • B. Fulton

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • N. Miller

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • T. Greco

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • K. Kemp

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • J. Kramer

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • L. Fulton

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • E. Mardis

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • M. Dante

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • K. Pepin

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • L. Hillier

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • J. Nelson

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • J. Spieth

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • E. Ryan

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • S. Andrews

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • C. Geisel

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • D. Layman

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • H. Du

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • J. Ali

    (Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University, School of Medicine)

  • A. Berghoff

    (Cold Spring Harbor Plant Biology Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • K. Jones

    (Cold Spring Harbor Plant Biology Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • K. Drone

    (Cold Spring Harbor Plant Biology Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • M. Cotton

    (Cold Spring Harbor Plant Biology Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • C. Joshu

    (Cold Spring Harbor Plant Biology Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • B. Antonoiu

    (Cold Spring Harbor Plant Biology Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • M. Zidanic

    (Cold Spring Harbor Plant Biology Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • C. Strong

    (Cold Spring Harbor Plant Biology Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • H. Sun

    (Cold Spring Harbor Plant Biology Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • B. Lamar

    (Cold Spring Harbor Plant Biology Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • C. Yordan

    (Cold Spring Harbor Plant Biology Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • P. Ma

    (Applied Biosystems
    Celera Genomics)

  • J. Zhong

    (Applied Biosystems
    Celera Genomics)

  • R. Preston

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • D. Vil

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • M. Shekher

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • A. Matero

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • R. Shah

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • I'K. Swaby

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • A. O'Shaughnessy

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • M. Rodriguez

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • J. Hoffman

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • S. Till

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • S. Granat

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • N. Shohdy

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • A. Hasegawa

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • A. Hameed

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • M. Lodhi

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
    Axys)

  • A. Johnson

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
    NC State University)

  • E. Chen

    (Applied Biosystems
    Celera Genomics)

  • M. Marra

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • R. Martienssen

    (Cold Spring Harbor Plant Biology Group, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

  • W. R. McCombie

    (Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Abstract

The higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) is an important model for identifying plant genes and determining their function. To assist biological investigations and to define chromosome structure, a coordinated effort to sequence the Arabidopsis genome was initiated in late 1996. Here we report one of the first milestones of this project, the sequence of chromosome 4. Analysis of 17.38 megabases of unique sequence, representing about 17% of the genome, reveals 3,744 protein coding genes, 81 transfer RNAs and numerous repeat elements. Heterochromatic regions surrounding the putative centromere, which has not yet been completely sequenced, are characterized by an increased frequency of a variety of repeats, new repeats, reduced recombination, lowered gene density and lowered gene expression. Roughly 60% of the predicted protein-coding genes have been functionally characterized on the basis of their homology to known genes. Many genes encode predicted proteins that are homologous to human and Caenorhabditis elegans proteins.

Suggested Citation

  • K. Mayer & C. Schüller & R. Wambutt & G. Murphy & G. Volckaert & T. Pohl & A. Düsterhöft & W. Stiekema & K.-D. Entian & N. Terryn & B. Harris & W. Ansorge & P. Brandt & L. Grivell & M. Rieger & M. Wei, 1999. "Sequence and analysis of chromosome 4 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana," Nature, Nature, vol. 402(6763), pages 769-777, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:402:y:1999:i:6763:d:10.1038_47134
    DOI: 10.1038/47134
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