Expression of the transcription factor ΔFosB in the brain controls sensitivity to cocaine

Acute exposure to cocaine transiently induces several Fos family transcription factors in the nucleus accumbens1, a region of the brain that is important for addiction2,3. In contrast, chronic exposure to cocaine does not induce these proteins, but instead causes the persistent expression of highly stable isoforms of ΔFosB4,5,6. ΔFosB is also induced in the nucleus accumbens by repeated exposure to other drugs of abuse, including amphetamine, morphine, nicotine and phencyclidine7,8,9,10. The sustained accumulation of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens indicates that this transcription factor may mediate some of the persistent neural and behavioural plasticity that accompanies chronic drug exposure1. Using transgenic mice in which ΔFosB can be induced in adults in the subset of nucleus accumbens neurons in which cocaine induces the protein, we show that ΔFosB expression increases the responsiveness of an animal to the rewarding and locomotor-activating effects of cocaine. These effects of ΔFosB appear to be mediated partly by induction of the AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole) glutamate receptor subunit GluR2 in the nucleus accumbens. These results support a model in which ΔFosB, by altering gene expression, enhances sensitivity to cocaine and may thereby contribute to cocaine addiction.