Harvesting a crop of gold in plants

The possibility of turning base metals into gold has intrigued many scientists since the early alchemists, and the discovery of significant gold uptake by plants has long been a ‘philosopher's stone’. But background levels of gold in plants are usually very low, rarely exceeding 10 ng per g dry tissue (10 p.p.b.)1. Hyperaccumulator plants2, however, have 100 times the elemental concentrations of normal vegetation, a level of 1 mg per g dry tissue (1 p.p.m.). They can be used in phytoremediation3, the in situ improvement of polluted sites. Hyperaccumulation can be induced by adding a chemical amendment, such as EDTA, to a plant substrate to make soluble an otherwise insoluble target metal, such as lead4. Here we have induced plants to accumulate gold from ores by treating the substrate with ammonium thiocyanate. This technique might be used as a form of biological mining (phytomining) for gold5,6.