Heavy-element enrichment in low-density regions of the intergalactic medium

Models for the composition of the diffuse intergalactic medium1,2 predict that low-density intergalactic gas at high redshift should be very poor in heavy elements. This is because locations of early star formation (and thus of heavy-element synthesis) and of gas delivery from such stars are located preferentially within higher-density regions of the intergalactic gas. Here we present a method for analysing carbon and oxygen absorption lines in quasar spectra that allows us to probe the heavy-element abundances at a redshift of three within low-density regions of intergalactic gas. We find that the ratio of triply ionized carbon to neutral hydrogen is roughly constant over a wide range of densities, and that, even as the density approaches zero, the ratio remains high. This unexpected enrichment of low-density gas in heavy elements suggests that early generations of small galaxies might be much more efficient at ejecting heavy elements into the intergalactic medium than has previously been thought.